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spp. are edible mushrooms of hypogeous growth (under the ground) that establish a
symbiotic relationship (ectomycorrhiza) with various species of gymnosperms and
angiosperms in a variety of habitats (subtropical cloud forests, temperate forests,
boreal forests, among others) (Gioacchini et al. 2005). It has been reported that
there are different biotic (fungi, yeast, bacteria, mesofauna, plant host) and abiotic
factors (soil composition, humidity, temperature, pH, etc.) involved in the formation
of fruiting bodies (Ceruti et al. 2003). Tuber melanosporum is collected in the south
and Western Europe (Italy, France, and Spain), and Tuber magnatum has been collected in Italy and in Eastern Europe (Croatia, Slovenia, and Hungary), from
September to January; truffles are sought with the aid of pigs or dogs trained (Mello
et al. 2006).
The price of the kilogram of Tuber melanosporum in Europe ranges from 150 to
800 euro (farmers) and to retailers is higher, for example, in Paris and London, it is
2000–4000 euros and in Australia, in 2012 it was 950 euros (Duell 2012). Given the
economic importance, for the first time in France during the nineteenth century, the
semi-cultivation of these species began (Olivier et al. 1996). Currently, cultivation
processes are being implemented throughout the world (mainly in the Mediterranean
climate). Despite research efforts, the mushroom cultivation is not completely
domesticated (Wang 2012), but Tuber melanosporum genome sequencing can be
used to improve the results (Martin et al. 2010).
Tricholoma matsutake (S. Ito & S. Imai) Singer It is known as “matsutake.” It is
an ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete that grows mainly in Japanese red pine (Pinus
densiflora) in forests in Japan; it belongs to the family Tricholomataceae and order
Agaricales (Index Fungorum 2017). This species forms underground mycelial
aggregations called “shiros,” which usually form a circular arrangement of fruiting
bodies known as fruitful fairy rings (Ogawa et al. 1978). Within its life cycle, it
alternates a monokaryon-dikaryon, which is typical of majority of basidiomycetes.
The fruiting bodies of “matsutake” are economically important edible fungi in
Japan; to meet domestic demand, approximately 3000 tons of these fungi are
imported annually, mainly from Korea, China, North America, and North Africa. In
the Japanese market, 1 kg of top quality fresh matsutake can be sold for up to $2000
US (Gill et al. 2000). Due to the varying ecological conditions, mainly precipitation
and temperature, the natural production of the fungus is limited and difficult to
forecast (Amend et al. 2009). Efforts have been made to establish an artificial cultivation system that meets the high-quality annual demand (Ogawa et al. 1978;
Tominaga 1978; Yamada et al. 1999; Guerin-Laguette et al. 2000). Unfortunately, it
has not yet been successful, so the research seeks to know the factors that influence
the development of the fruitful body; the relationship of ecological factors such as
soil quality, climate, and the host plant; and even the associated microbial communities, in order to optimize the cultivation process.
Amanita caesarea (Scop.) Pers. It is a delicious edible species known as Caesar’s
mushroom (Yun and Hall 2004). In many countries the edible fungus Amanita caesarea is of great social and economic importance, due to its high gastronomic value,
G. Díaz-Godínez and M. Téllez-Téllez
spp. are edible mushrooms of hypogeous growth (under the ground) that establish a
symbiotic relationship (ectomycorrhiza) with various species of gymnosperms and
angiosperms in a variety of habitats (subtropical cloud forests, temperate forests,
boreal forests, among others) (Gioacchini et al. 2005). It has been reported that
there are different biotic (fungi, yeast, bacteria, mesofauna, plant host) and abiotic
factors (soil composition, humidity, temperature, pH, etc.) involved in the formation
of fruiting bodies (Ceruti et al. 2003). Tuber melanosporum is collected in the south
and Western Europe (Italy, France, and Spain), and Tuber magnatum has been collected in Italy and in Eastern Europe (Croatia, Slovenia, and Hungary), from
September to January; truffles are sought with the aid of pigs or dogs trained (Mello
et al. 2006).
The price of the kilogram of Tuber melanosporum in Europe ranges from 150 to
800 euro (farmers) and to retailers is higher, for example, in Paris and London, it is
2000–4000 euros and in Australia, in 2012 it was 950 euros (Duell 2012). Given the
economic importance, for the first time in France during the nineteenth century, the
semi-cultivation of these species began (Olivier et al. 1996). Currently, cultivation
processes are being implemented throughout the world (mainly in the Mediterranean
climate). Despite research efforts, the mushroom cultivation is not completely
domesticated (Wang 2012), but Tuber melanosporum genome sequencing can be
used to improve the results (Martin et al. 2010).
Tricholoma matsutake (S. Ito & S. Imai) Singer It is known as “matsutake.” It is
an ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete that grows mainly in Japanese red pine (Pinus
densiflora) in forests in Japan; it belongs to the family Tricholomataceae and order
Agaricales (Index Fungorum 2017). This species forms underground mycelial
aggregations called “shiros,” which usually form a circular arrangement of fruiting
bodies known as fruitful fairy rings (Ogawa et al. 1978). Within its life cycle, it
alternates a monokaryon-dikaryon, which is typical of majority of basidiomycetes.
The fruiting bodies of “matsutake” are economically important edible fungi in
Japan; to meet domestic demand, approximately 3000 tons of these fungi are
imported annually, mainly from Korea, China, North America, and North Africa. In
the Japanese market, 1 kg of top quality fresh matsutake can be sold for up to $2000
US (Gill et al. 2000). Due to the varying ecological conditions, mainly precipitation
and temperature, the natural production of the fungus is limited and difficult to
forecast (Amend et al. 2009). Efforts have been made to establish an artificial cultivation system that meets the high-quality annual demand (Ogawa et al. 1978;
Tominaga 1978; Yamada et al. 1999; Guerin-Laguette et al. 2000). Unfortunately, it
has not yet been successful, so the research seeks to know the factors that influence
the development of the fruitful body; the relationship of ecological factors such as
soil quality, climate, and the host plant; and even the associated microbial communities, in order to optimize the cultivation process.
Amanita caesarea (Scop.) Pers. It is a delicious edible species known as Caesar’s
mushroom (Yun and Hall 2004). In many countries the edible fungus Amanita caesarea is of great social and economic importance, due to its high gastronomic value,
G. Díaz-Godínez and M. Téllez-Téllez