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Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. Hericium erinaceus known as yamabushitake
(Japanese), lion’s mane, monkey’s mushroom, bear’s head, white beard, hog’s head
fungus, old man’s beard, pom-pom, and bearded tooth (Thongbai et al. 2015). It is
within the family Hericiaceae, order Russulales, and class Agaricomycetes (Index
Fungorum 2017). It is considered as a saprophyte or weak parasite, since it has been
found in dead wood, knots, or cracks of living hard hardwoods. The mature fruiting
body is fleshy and semispherical of whitish color and gradually changes from yellowish to brownish (He et al. 2017).
During 1959–1960 this fungus was only available in the wild, because it grew in
the deep forest on old and dead wood. The macromorphology of Hericium erinaceus is usually sufficient for identification. However, it is not easy to differentiate
it from Hericium coralloides, since the sizes of basidiospores are very similar in
both species, but it has been reported that the fruiting bodies of Hericium coralloides tend to be much more branched. So their substrates have been used to aid identification, since Hericium coralloides is associated with conifers, while Hericium
erinaceus is deciduous trees (Stamets 2005). It was domesticated by scientists from
the Shanghai Agricultural Academy of Science and later distributed to other places.
The fungus grows on different substrates, including artificial media, also cheap substrates such as agro-industrial waste (sugarcane bagasse, sawdust, cottonseed hull,
and corncobs), and tofu, cheese, and whey. The fruiting body presents 18.8% protein, 61.3% carbohydrates, 2.9% lipids, and 6.91% ash (Rodrigues et al. 2015).
Pleurotus spp. The cultivation of Pleurotus increased rapidly, several species of
this genus are found all over the world, and their edibility is highly appreciated. It is
cultivated in many countries including Italy, Germany, Belgium, China, Japan,
Taiwan, India, Singapore, Thailand, Pakistan, and Indonesia. Beginning in 1997,
world production increased; cultivation began in Nigeria, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia,
Canada, the United States, Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi. The great interest in
these species is due to their flavor, nutritional content, and the wide range of enzymes
that they secrete, which allows them to degrade all the polysaccharides found in
biomass of forest and agriculture (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), so production costs are more accessible (Chang and Miles 2004).
The genus Pleurotus gathers several species, such as Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.)
P. Kumm (oyster mushroom), Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer (gray oyster mushroom or phoenix-tail mushroom), Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer (golden oyster
mushroom), Pleurotus cystidiosus O.K. Miller (abalone mushroom, maple oyster),
Pleurotus djamor var. roseus Corner, Beihefte (pink oyster mushroom), Pleurotus
sapidus Sacc. Syll. fung. (black oyster mushrooms), Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.)
Quél. (Indian oyster, Italian oyster, phoenix mushroom, lung oyster), and Pleurotus
eryngii (DC.) Quél. (king oyster). They belong to the family Pleurotaceae, order
Agaricales, and class Basidiomycota (Index Fungorum 2017). They grow naturally
in temperate zones or in colder seasons in subtropical areas in rotten trees such as
oak, elm, maple, and poplar, among others (Chang and Miles 2004).
G. Díaz-Godínez and M. Téllez-Téllez
Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. Hericium erinaceus known as yamabushitake
(Japanese), lion’s mane, monkey’s mushroom, bear’s head, white beard, hog’s head
fungus, old man’s beard, pom-pom, and bearded tooth (Thongbai et al. 2015). It is
within the family Hericiaceae, order Russulales, and class Agaricomycetes (Index
Fungorum 2017). It is considered as a saprophyte or weak parasite, since it has been
found in dead wood, knots, or cracks of living hard hardwoods. The mature fruiting
body is fleshy and semispherical of whitish color and gradually changes from yellowish to brownish (He et al. 2017).
During 1959–1960 this fungus was only available in the wild, because it grew in
the deep forest on old and dead wood. The macromorphology of Hericium erinaceus is usually sufficient for identification. However, it is not easy to differentiate
it from Hericium coralloides, since the sizes of basidiospores are very similar in
both species, but it has been reported that the fruiting bodies of Hericium coralloides tend to be much more branched. So their substrates have been used to aid identification, since Hericium coralloides is associated with conifers, while Hericium
erinaceus is deciduous trees (Stamets 2005). It was domesticated by scientists from
the Shanghai Agricultural Academy of Science and later distributed to other places.
The fungus grows on different substrates, including artificial media, also cheap substrates such as agro-industrial waste (sugarcane bagasse, sawdust, cottonseed hull,
and corncobs), and tofu, cheese, and whey. The fruiting body presents 18.8% protein, 61.3% carbohydrates, 2.9% lipids, and 6.91% ash (Rodrigues et al. 2015).
Pleurotus spp. The cultivation of Pleurotus increased rapidly, several species of
this genus are found all over the world, and their edibility is highly appreciated. It is
cultivated in many countries including Italy, Germany, Belgium, China, Japan,
Taiwan, India, Singapore, Thailand, Pakistan, and Indonesia. Beginning in 1997,
world production increased; cultivation began in Nigeria, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia,
Canada, the United States, Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi. The great interest in
these species is due to their flavor, nutritional content, and the wide range of enzymes
that they secrete, which allows them to degrade all the polysaccharides found in
biomass of forest and agriculture (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), so production costs are more accessible (Chang and Miles 2004).
The genus Pleurotus gathers several species, such as Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.)
P. Kumm (oyster mushroom), Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer (gray oyster mushroom or phoenix-tail mushroom), Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer (golden oyster
mushroom), Pleurotus cystidiosus O.K. Miller (abalone mushroom, maple oyster),
Pleurotus djamor var. roseus Corner, Beihefte (pink oyster mushroom), Pleurotus
sapidus Sacc. Syll. fung. (black oyster mushrooms), Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.)
Quél. (Indian oyster, Italian oyster, phoenix mushroom, lung oyster), and Pleurotus
eryngii (DC.) Quél. (king oyster). They belong to the family Pleurotaceae, order
Agaricales, and class Basidiomycota (Index Fungorum 2017). They grow naturally
in temperate zones or in colder seasons in subtropical areas in rotten trees such as
oak, elm, maple, and poplar, among others (Chang and Miles 2004).
G. Díaz-Godínez and M. Téllez-Téllez