lattice. It occurs only with polar solvents. Solvation in which the solvent
is water is called hydration.
Solvay process (ammonia–soda
process) An industrial method of
making sodium carbonate from calcium carbonate and sodium chloride.
The calcium carbonate is Ürst heated
to give calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide, which is bubbled into a solution of sodium chloride in ammonia.
Sodium hydrogencarbonate is precipitated:
H 2 O + CO 2 (g) + NaCl(aq) + NH 3 (aq)
→ NaHCO 3 (s) + NH 4 Cl(aq)
The sodium hydrogencarbonate is
heated to give sodium carbonate and
carbon dioxide. The ammonium chloride is heated with calcium oxide
(from the Ürst stage) to regenerate
the ammonia. The process was
patented in 1861 by the Belgian
chemist Ernest Solvay (1838–1922).
solvent A liquid that dissolves another substance or substances to
form a *solution. Polar solvents are
compounds such as water and liquid
ammonia, which have dipole moments and consequently high dielectric constants. These solvents are
capable of dissolving ionic compounds or covalent compounds that
ionize (see solvation). Nonpolar solvents are compounds such as
ethoxyethane and benzene, which do
not have permanent dipole moments. These do not dissolve ionic
compounds but will dissolve nonpolar covalent compounds. Solvents can
be further categorized according to
their proton-donating and accepting
properties. Amphiprotic solvents selfionize and can therefore act both as
proton donators and acceptors. A typical example is water:
2H 2 O ˆ H 3 O
+ + OH
–
Aprotic solvents neither accept nor
donate protons; tetrachloromethane
(carbon tetrachloride) is an example.
solvent extraction The process of
separating one constituent from a
mixture by dissolving it in a solvent
in which it is soluble but in which
the other constituents of the mixture
are not. The process is usually carried
out in the liquid phase, in which case
it is also known as liquid–liquid extraction. In liquid–liquid extraction,
the solution containing the desired
constituent must be immiscible with
the rest of the mixture. The process
is widely used in extracting oil from
oil-bearing materials.
solvolysis A reaction between a
compound and its solvent. See hydrolysis.
soman A highly toxic colourless
volatile liquid, C 7 H 16 FO 2 P; r.d. 1.02;
m.p. –42°C; b.p. 198°C. It is an
organophosphorus compound, Opinacolyl methylphosphonoÛuoridate. Soman was discovered in 1944
and belongs to the G-series of *nerve
agents (GD).
SOMO Singly occupied molecular
orbital.
sonochemistry The study of chemical reactions in liquids subjected to
high-intensity sound or ultrasound.
This causes the formation, growth,
and collapse of tiny bubbles within
the liquid, generating localized centres of very high temperature and
pressure, with extremely rapid cooling rates. Such conditions are suitable for studying novel reactions,
decomposing polymers, and producing amorphous materials.
sorbitol A polyhydric alcohol,
CH 2 OH(CHOH) 4 CH 2 OH, derived from
glucose; it is isomeric with *mannitol. It is found in rose hips and rowan
berries and is manufactured by the
catalytic reduction of glucose with
495
sorbitol
s
www.AzShimi.ir www.AzShimi.com
is water is called hydration.
Solvay process (ammonia–soda
process) An industrial method of
making sodium carbonate from calcium carbonate and sodium chloride.
The calcium carbonate is Ürst heated
to give calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide, which is bubbled into a solution of sodium chloride in ammonia.
Sodium hydrogencarbonate is precipitated:
H 2 O + CO 2 (g) + NaCl(aq) + NH 3 (aq)
→ NaHCO 3 (s) + NH 4 Cl(aq)
The sodium hydrogencarbonate is
heated to give sodium carbonate and
carbon dioxide. The ammonium chloride is heated with calcium oxide
(from the Ürst stage) to regenerate
the ammonia. The process was
patented in 1861 by the Belgian
chemist Ernest Solvay (1838–1922).
solvent A liquid that dissolves another substance or substances to
form a *solution. Polar solvents are
compounds such as water and liquid
ammonia, which have dipole moments and consequently high dielectric constants. These solvents are
capable of dissolving ionic compounds or covalent compounds that
ionize (see solvation). Nonpolar solvents are compounds such as
ethoxyethane and benzene, which do
not have permanent dipole moments. These do not dissolve ionic
compounds but will dissolve nonpolar covalent compounds. Solvents can
be further categorized according to
their proton-donating and accepting
properties. Amphiprotic solvents selfionize and can therefore act both as
proton donators and acceptors. A typical example is water:
2H 2 O ˆ H 3 O
+ + OH
–
Aprotic solvents neither accept nor
donate protons; tetrachloromethane
(carbon tetrachloride) is an example.
solvent extraction The process of
separating one constituent from a
mixture by dissolving it in a solvent
in which it is soluble but in which
the other constituents of the mixture
are not. The process is usually carried
out in the liquid phase, in which case
it is also known as liquid–liquid extraction. In liquid–liquid extraction,
the solution containing the desired
constituent must be immiscible with
the rest of the mixture. The process
is widely used in extracting oil from
oil-bearing materials.
solvolysis A reaction between a
compound and its solvent. See hydrolysis.
soman A highly toxic colourless
volatile liquid, C 7 H 16 FO 2 P; r.d. 1.02;
m.p. –42°C; b.p. 198°C. It is an
organophosphorus compound, Opinacolyl methylphosphonoÛuoridate. Soman was discovered in 1944
and belongs to the G-series of *nerve
agents (GD).
SOMO Singly occupied molecular
orbital.
sonochemistry The study of chemical reactions in liquids subjected to
high-intensity sound or ultrasound.
This causes the formation, growth,
and collapse of tiny bubbles within
the liquid, generating localized centres of very high temperature and
pressure, with extremely rapid cooling rates. Such conditions are suitable for studying novel reactions,
decomposing polymers, and producing amorphous materials.
sorbitol A polyhydric alcohol,
CH 2 OH(CHOH) 4 CH 2 OH, derived from
glucose; it is isomeric with *mannitol. It is found in rose hips and rowan
berries and is manufactured by the
catalytic reduction of glucose with
495
sorbitol
s
www.AzShimi.ir www.AzShimi.com