include calculations in the theory of
liquids, phase transitions, and quantum mechanical systems. The name
comes from the casino at Monte
Carlo and alludes to the use of random numbers in this technique.
montmorillonite A clay mineral
of variable composition. It is a hydrated aluminosilicate with a large
capacity for exchanging cations (see
ion exchange) and is the principal
constituent of bentonite and fuller’s
earth. One type of montmorillonite
readily absorbs water, and another
type swells in water to form a *gel.
mordant A substance used in certain dyeing processes. Mordants are
often inorganic oxides or salts, which
are absorbed on the fabric. The
dyestuff then forms a coloured complex with the mordant, the colour
depending on the mordant used as
well as the dyestuff. See also lake.
morphine An opiate that is the
main active constituent of opium. It
is used medically in the relief of severe pain, and can be acetylated to
produce heroin. Morphine can be detected by the *Marquis test.
Morse potential The potential energy of a diatomic molecule as a
function of the difference (r – r e ),
361
Morse potential
m
Glucose (an aldohexose)
aldehyde
group
H
H
HO
H
H
OH
O
OH
OH
O
1 C
2 C
3 C
4 C
5 C
6 CH 2
OH
straight-chain form
Fructose (a ketohexose)
HO
H
H
O
H
OH
OH
2 C
3 C
4 C
5 C
6 CH 2
OH
6 CH
2
OH
5
C
OH
H
3
C
4
C
HO
H
H
C 2
H
OH
OH
C
1
H
O
α-glucose
below
plane
of ring
ring forms
β-glucose
6
CH 2
OH
5
C
OH
H
3
C
4
C
HO
H
H
C 2
H
OH
C
1
H
O
above
plane
of ring
OH
ketone
group
1 C
H
OH
H
straight-chain form
ring form
H
4
C
5 C
HO
OH
HOCH 2
C
3
OH
H
OH
C
2
CH 2
OH
O
6
1
Monosaccharide
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