measured in kg m
–3 . See also relative
density; vapour density.
density-function theory A
method for the theoretical treatment
of molecules, in which the electron
density is considered rather than the
interactions of individual electrons. It
is successful for large molecules.
deoxyribonucleic acid See dna.
depolarization The prevention of
*polarization in a *primary cell. For
example, maganese(IV) oxide (the depolarizer) is placed around the positive electrode of a *Leclanché cell to
oxidize the hydrogen released at this
electrode.
depression of freezing point
The reduction in the freezing point
of a pure liquid when another substance is dissolved in it. It is a *colligative property – i.e. the lowering
of the freezing point is proportional
to the number of dissolved particles
(molecules or ions), and does not depend on their nature. It is given by ∆t
= K f C m , where C m is the molar concentration of dissolved solute and K f
is a constant (the cryoscopic constant)
for the solvent used. Measurements
of freezing-point depression (using a
Beckmann thermometer) can be used
for Ünding relative molecular masses
of unknown substances.
A
• Raoult’s original paper
depsides A class of compounds
formed by condensation of a phenolic carboxylic acid (such as gallic acid)
with a similar compound, the reaction being between the carboxylic
acid group on one molecule and a
phenolic OH group on the other.
Depsides are similar to esters, except
that the OH group is linked directly
to an aromatic ring. In such compounds, the –O–CO– group is called a
depside linkage. Depsides are found
in tannins and other natural products.
derivative A compound that is derived from some other compound
and usually maintains its general
structure, e.g. trichloromethane
(chloroform) is a derivative of
methane.
derived unit See base unit.
desalination The removal of salt
from sea water for irrigation of the
land or to provide drinking water.
The process is normally only economic if a cheap source of energy,
such as the waste heat from a nuclear power station, can be used. Desalination using solar energy has the
greatest economic potential since
shortage of fresh water is most acute
in hot regions. The methods employed include evaporation, often
under reduced pressure (Ûash evaporation); freezing (pure ice forms from
freezing brine); *reverse osmosis;
*electrodialysis; and *ion exchange.
dessicant A drying agent. There
are many types, including anhydrous
calcium chloride, anhydrous calcium
sulphate, concentrated sulphuric
acid, phosphorus (V) oxide, solid
sodium hydroxide, lime, and *silica
gel.
desiccation A method of preserving organic material by the removal
of its water content. Cells and tissues
can be preserved by desiccation after
lowering the samples to freezing
temperatures; thereafter they can be
stored at room temperature.
desiccator A container for drying
substances or for keeping them free
from moisture. Simple laboratory
desiccators are glass vessels containing a drying agent, such as silica gel.
They can be evacuated through a tap
in the lid.
designer drug A synthetic drug
169
designer drug
d
www.AzShimi.ir www.AzShimi.com
–3 . See also relative
density; vapour density.
density-function theory A
method for the theoretical treatment
of molecules, in which the electron
density is considered rather than the
interactions of individual electrons. It
is successful for large molecules.
deoxyribonucleic acid See dna.
depolarization The prevention of
*polarization in a *primary cell. For
example, maganese(IV) oxide (the depolarizer) is placed around the positive electrode of a *Leclanché cell to
oxidize the hydrogen released at this
electrode.
depression of freezing point
The reduction in the freezing point
of a pure liquid when another substance is dissolved in it. It is a *colligative property – i.e. the lowering
of the freezing point is proportional
to the number of dissolved particles
(molecules or ions), and does not depend on their nature. It is given by ∆t
= K f C m , where C m is the molar concentration of dissolved solute and K f
is a constant (the cryoscopic constant)
for the solvent used. Measurements
of freezing-point depression (using a
Beckmann thermometer) can be used
for Ünding relative molecular masses
of unknown substances.
A
• Raoult’s original paper
depsides A class of compounds
formed by condensation of a phenolic carboxylic acid (such as gallic acid)
with a similar compound, the reaction being between the carboxylic
acid group on one molecule and a
phenolic OH group on the other.
Depsides are similar to esters, except
that the OH group is linked directly
to an aromatic ring. In such compounds, the –O–CO– group is called a
depside linkage. Depsides are found
in tannins and other natural products.
derivative A compound that is derived from some other compound
and usually maintains its general
structure, e.g. trichloromethane
(chloroform) is a derivative of
methane.
derived unit See base unit.
desalination The removal of salt
from sea water for irrigation of the
land or to provide drinking water.
The process is normally only economic if a cheap source of energy,
such as the waste heat from a nuclear power station, can be used. Desalination using solar energy has the
greatest economic potential since
shortage of fresh water is most acute
in hot regions. The methods employed include evaporation, often
under reduced pressure (Ûash evaporation); freezing (pure ice forms from
freezing brine); *reverse osmosis;
*electrodialysis; and *ion exchange.
dessicant A drying agent. There
are many types, including anhydrous
calcium chloride, anhydrous calcium
sulphate, concentrated sulphuric
acid, phosphorus (V) oxide, solid
sodium hydroxide, lime, and *silica
gel.
desiccation A method of preserving organic material by the removal
of its water content. Cells and tissues
can be preserved by desiccation after
lowering the samples to freezing
temperatures; thereafter they can be
stored at room temperature.
desiccator A container for drying
substances or for keeping them free
from moisture. Simple laboratory
desiccators are glass vessels containing a drying agent, such as silica gel.
They can be evacuated through a tap
in the lid.
designer drug A synthetic drug
169
designer drug
d
www.AzShimi.ir www.AzShimi.com