conductiometric titration A type
of titration in which the electrical
conductivity of the reaction mixture
is continuously monitored as one
reactant is added. The equivalence
point is the point at which this
undergoes a sudden change. The
method is used for titrating coloured
solutions, which cannot be used with
normal indicators.
conduction band See energy
bands.
conductivity water See distilled
water.
Condy’s Ûuid A mixture of calcium and potassium permanganates
(manganate(VII)) used as an antiseptic.
conÜguration 1. The arrangement
of atoms or groups in a molecule.
2. The arrangement of electrons
about the nucleus of an *atom.
conÜguration space The n-dimensional space with coordinates
(q 1 ,q 2 ,…,q n ) associated with a system
that has n degrees of freedom, where
the values q describe the degrees of
freedom. For example, in a gas of N
atoms each atom has three positional
coordinates, so the conÜguration
space is 3N-dimensional. If the particles also have internal degrees of
freedom, such as those caused by vibration and rotation in a molecule,
then these must be included in the
conÜguration space, which is consequently of a higher dimension. See
also statistical mechanics.
conformation One of the very
large number of possible spatial
arrangements of atoms that can be
interconverted by rotation about a
single bond in a molecule. In the case
of ethane, H 3 C–CH 3 , one methyl
group can rotate relative to the
other. There are two extreme cases.
In one, the C–H bonds on one group
align with the C–H bonds on the
other (as viewed along the C–C
bond). This is an eclipsed conformation (or eclipsing conformation) and
corresponds to a maximum in a
139
conformation
c
eclipsed conformation
anti conformation
gauche conformation
= methyl group
R H
R
O
R
bisecting conformation
R O
R
R
H
eclipsed conformation
Conformations of butane (sawhorse projection)
Conformations of R 3 CHO (Newman projection)
www.AzShimi.ir www.AzShimi.com
of titration in which the electrical
conductivity of the reaction mixture
is continuously monitored as one
reactant is added. The equivalence
point is the point at which this
undergoes a sudden change. The
method is used for titrating coloured
solutions, which cannot be used with
normal indicators.
conduction band See energy
bands.
conductivity water See distilled
water.
Condy’s Ûuid A mixture of calcium and potassium permanganates
(manganate(VII)) used as an antiseptic.
conÜguration 1. The arrangement
of atoms or groups in a molecule.
2. The arrangement of electrons
about the nucleus of an *atom.
conÜguration space The n-dimensional space with coordinates
(q 1 ,q 2 ,…,q n ) associated with a system
that has n degrees of freedom, where
the values q describe the degrees of
freedom. For example, in a gas of N
atoms each atom has three positional
coordinates, so the conÜguration
space is 3N-dimensional. If the particles also have internal degrees of
freedom, such as those caused by vibration and rotation in a molecule,
then these must be included in the
conÜguration space, which is consequently of a higher dimension. See
also statistical mechanics.
conformation One of the very
large number of possible spatial
arrangements of atoms that can be
interconverted by rotation about a
single bond in a molecule. In the case
of ethane, H 3 C–CH 3 , one methyl
group can rotate relative to the
other. There are two extreme cases.
In one, the C–H bonds on one group
align with the C–H bonds on the
other (as viewed along the C–C
bond). This is an eclipsed conformation (or eclipsing conformation) and
corresponds to a maximum in a
139
conformation
c
eclipsed conformation
anti conformation
gauche conformation
= methyl group
R H
R
O
R
bisecting conformation
R O
R
R
H
eclipsed conformation
Conformations of butane (sawhorse projection)
Conformations of R 3 CHO (Newman projection)
www.AzShimi.ir www.AzShimi.com