which thus contains a higher concentration of protons than the matrix.
This creates an electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane,
down which protons move back into
the matrix. This movement occurs
through special channels associated
with ATP synthetase, the enzyme
that catalyses the conversion of ADP
to ATP, and is coupled with the phosphorylation of ADP. A similar gradient is created across the thylakoid
membranes of chloroplasts during
the light-dependent reactions of
*photosynthesis.
chemisorption See adsorption.
chemistry The study of the elements and the compounds they
form. Chemistry is mainly concerned
with effects that depend on the outer
electrons in atoms. See biochemistry;
geochemistry; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; physical
chemistry.
chemoinformatics The branch of
chemistry concerned with methods
of representing molecules and reactions and with the design and use of
databases for storing chemical information.
ChemSketch A commonly used
chemical drawing program for 2D
and 3D structures, copyright of Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc.
The program has certain additional
features including calculation of molecular weight, calculation of percentages of elements present, IUPAC
name generation, and viewing in RasMol.
A
• Details and download from Advanced
Chemistry Development website
chert See flint.
Chile saltpetre A commercial mineral largely composed of *sodium nitrate from the caliche deposits in
Chile. Before the ammonia-oxidation
process for nitrates most imported
Chilean saltpetre was used by the
chemical industry; its principal use
today is as an agricultural source of
nitrogen.
Chime A plug-in that allows chemical structures to be displayed within
a web page. The structures, which
are embedded as mol Üles, can be
viewed interactively; i.e. they can be
rotated, expanded, exported, and
rendered in *RasMol. The program is
the copyright of MDL Information
Systems, Inc., and is available free
(subject to a license agreement).
A
• A downloadable version of Chime at
the MDL website (free registration
required)
china clay See kaolin.
Chinese white See zinc oxide.
119
Chinese white
c
2H
+
2H
+
2H
+
inner mitochondrial
membrane
NADH
dehydrogenase
cytochrome
b-c 1 complex
cytochrome
oxidase
mitochondrial matrix
6H
+
3ADP + P
3 ATP
ATPase ATPase ATPase
Chemiosmotic theory
www.AzShimi.ir www.AzShimi.com
This creates an electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane,
down which protons move back into
the matrix. This movement occurs
through special channels associated
with ATP synthetase, the enzyme
that catalyses the conversion of ADP
to ATP, and is coupled with the phosphorylation of ADP. A similar gradient is created across the thylakoid
membranes of chloroplasts during
the light-dependent reactions of
*photosynthesis.
chemisorption See adsorption.
chemistry The study of the elements and the compounds they
form. Chemistry is mainly concerned
with effects that depend on the outer
electrons in atoms. See biochemistry;
geochemistry; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; physical
chemistry.
chemoinformatics The branch of
chemistry concerned with methods
of representing molecules and reactions and with the design and use of
databases for storing chemical information.
ChemSketch A commonly used
chemical drawing program for 2D
and 3D structures, copyright of Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc.
The program has certain additional
features including calculation of molecular weight, calculation of percentages of elements present, IUPAC
name generation, and viewing in RasMol.
A
• Details and download from Advanced
Chemistry Development website
chert See flint.
Chile saltpetre A commercial mineral largely composed of *sodium nitrate from the caliche deposits in
Chile. Before the ammonia-oxidation
process for nitrates most imported
Chilean saltpetre was used by the
chemical industry; its principal use
today is as an agricultural source of
nitrogen.
Chime A plug-in that allows chemical structures to be displayed within
a web page. The structures, which
are embedded as mol Üles, can be
viewed interactively; i.e. they can be
rotated, expanded, exported, and
rendered in *RasMol. The program is
the copyright of MDL Information
Systems, Inc., and is available free
(subject to a license agreement).
A
• A downloadable version of Chime at
the MDL website (free registration
required)
china clay See kaolin.
Chinese white See zinc oxide.
119
Chinese white
c
2H
+
2H
+
2H
+
inner mitochondrial
membrane
NADH
dehydrogenase
cytochrome
b-c 1 complex
cytochrome
oxidase
mitochondrial matrix
6H
+
3ADP + P
3 ATP
ATPase ATPase ATPase
Chemiosmotic theory
www.AzShimi.ir www.AzShimi.com