Financial Impacts ........................................................................224
Effectiveness of Program ............................................................ 225
California Technical Assistance Program ........................................ 225
Bibliography ..................................................................................... 226
Chapter 15 Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Protection ................. 229
Introduction ...................................................................................... 229
Command without Control ............................................................... 229
Cap and Trade .................................................................................. 231
Pollution Taxes or Fees .................................................................... 232
Bibliography ..................................................................................... 233
Chapter 16 A Program to Reduce Toxic Chemical Use ..................................... 235
Introduction ...................................................................................... 235
Target Impact Chemicals.................................................................. 238
Chemical Composition Reporting .................................................... 238
Chemical Toxicity Rating .................................................................240
Chemical Use Reporting .................................................................. 255
Public Disclosure .............................................................................. 255
Toxic Chemical Use Fee ................................................................... 256
Incentives .......................................................................................... 271
Chemical Use Reduction Planning................................................... 271
Technical Assistance ........................................................................ 272
Bibliography ..................................................................................... 273
Chapter 17 Costs and Benefits ............................................................................ 275
Introduction ...................................................................................... 275
Costs of the Program ........................................................................ 275
Toxic Chemical Use Fees ................................................................. 277
Health Benefits of a Successful Toxic Chemical Usage
Reduction Program ........................................................................... 277
Environmental Impacts .................................................................... 281
Direct Benefits to Businesses ........................................................... 282
Human Capacity Building................................................................ 283
Technology Transfer and Productivity Enhancement ......................284
Positive Publicity and Associated Increased Revenue ..................... 285
Reduced Regulatory Burden ............................................................ 285
Other Benefits ................................................................................... 286
Bibliography ..................................................................................... 287
Appendix A: Chemicals List with CAS Numbers............................................. 289
Appendix B: CAS Numbers with Chemical Names.......................................... 303
Index...................................................................................................................... 317
ix
Contents
Effectiveness of Program ............................................................ 225
California Technical Assistance Program ........................................ 225
Bibliography ..................................................................................... 226
Chapter 15 Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Protection ................. 229
Introduction ...................................................................................... 229
Command without Control ............................................................... 229
Cap and Trade .................................................................................. 231
Pollution Taxes or Fees .................................................................... 232
Bibliography ..................................................................................... 233
Chapter 16 A Program to Reduce Toxic Chemical Use ..................................... 235
Introduction ...................................................................................... 235
Target Impact Chemicals.................................................................. 238
Chemical Composition Reporting .................................................... 238
Chemical Toxicity Rating .................................................................240
Chemical Use Reporting .................................................................. 255
Public Disclosure .............................................................................. 255
Toxic Chemical Use Fee ................................................................... 256
Incentives .......................................................................................... 271
Chemical Use Reduction Planning................................................... 271
Technical Assistance ........................................................................ 272
Bibliography ..................................................................................... 273
Chapter 17 Costs and Benefits ............................................................................ 275
Introduction ...................................................................................... 275
Costs of the Program ........................................................................ 275
Toxic Chemical Use Fees ................................................................. 277
Health Benefits of a Successful Toxic Chemical Usage
Reduction Program ........................................................................... 277
Environmental Impacts .................................................................... 281
Direct Benefits to Businesses ........................................................... 282
Human Capacity Building................................................................ 283
Technology Transfer and Productivity Enhancement ......................284
Positive Publicity and Associated Increased Revenue ..................... 285
Reduced Regulatory Burden ............................................................ 285
Other Benefits ................................................................................... 286
Bibliography ..................................................................................... 287
Appendix A: Chemicals List with CAS Numbers............................................. 289
Appendix B: CAS Numbers with Chemical Names.......................................... 303
Index...................................................................................................................... 317
ix
Contents