tolerance in the wheat seedling (Abd El-Daim et al. 2014). However, the use of these
practices is time bounded and tedious.
3.5
Conclusion and Future Perspective
An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases leads to rising temperature
globally. HT is the limiting factor for wheat and maize production, because it affects
plant growth at all developmental stages, especially at the reproductive and grain
filling stage. Although physiological process viz., respiration, photosynthesis, transpiration is well known but studies of osmolytes, assimilate portioning from source
to sink are not very well understood. Knowledge of the sensitivity of phenology of
crop to heat stress required to begin suitable strategies for inducing HS tolerance. HT
is a quantitative trait controlled by many genes and difficult to quantify, the
screening traits MTS, CTD, chlorophyll fluorescence along with stress indices like
SSI, TOL, GMP appears to be useful indicators of heat tolerance and can be used in
breeding programs, however tolerance to HT is difficult to access in the field
conditions due to changes in timing and heatwave so, easy and fast screening method
should be in place for applying in breeding programs. The major challenge in
breeding program is linkage drag. To overcome this, molecular breeding help in
the identification of QTL related to heat stress, and its transfer through markerassisted breeding program appeared to be the most appropriate approach to develop
heat-tolerant lines of different crops. Transgenic and molecular breeding approaches
are also useful to transfer trait-specific genes and to develop heat tolerance genotypes
in wheat and maize.
References
Abd El-Daim IA, Bejai S, Meijer J (2014) Improved heat stress tolerance of wheat seedlings by
bacterial seed treatment. Plant Soil 379:337–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2063-3
Ahmad P, Jaleel CA, Salem MA, Nabi G, Sharma S (2010) Roles of enzymatic and nonenzymatic
antioxidants in plants during abiotic stress. Crit Rev Biotechnol 30:161–175. https://doi.org/10.
3109/07388550903524243
Akman Z (2009) Comparison of high temperature tolerance in maize, rice and sorghum seeds by
plant growth regulators. J Anim Vet Adv 8:358–361
Akter N, Rafiqul Islam M (2017) Heat stress effects and management in wheat. A review. Agron
Sustain Dev 37:37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-017-0443-9
Al-Khatib K, Paulsen GM (1984) Mode of high temperature injury to wheat during grain development. Physiol Plant 61:363–368
Allakhverdiev SI, Kreslavski VD, Klimov VV, Los DA, Carpentier R, Mohanty P (2008) Heat
stress: an overview of molecular responses in photosynthesis. Photosynth Res 98:541–550.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-008-9331-0
Almeselmani M, Deshmukh PS, Sairam RK (2009) High temperature stress tolerance in wheat
genotypes: role of antioxidant defence enzymes. Acta Agron Hung 57:1–14
Almeselmani M, Deshmukh PS, Chinnusamy V (2012) Effect of prolonged high temperature stress
on respiration, photosynthesis and gene expression in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties
differing in their thermotolerance. Plant Stress 6:25–32
68
R. Gajghate et al.
practices is time bounded and tedious.
3.5
Conclusion and Future Perspective
An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases leads to rising temperature
globally. HT is the limiting factor for wheat and maize production, because it affects
plant growth at all developmental stages, especially at the reproductive and grain
filling stage. Although physiological process viz., respiration, photosynthesis, transpiration is well known but studies of osmolytes, assimilate portioning from source
to sink are not very well understood. Knowledge of the sensitivity of phenology of
crop to heat stress required to begin suitable strategies for inducing HS tolerance. HT
is a quantitative trait controlled by many genes and difficult to quantify, the
screening traits MTS, CTD, chlorophyll fluorescence along with stress indices like
SSI, TOL, GMP appears to be useful indicators of heat tolerance and can be used in
breeding programs, however tolerance to HT is difficult to access in the field
conditions due to changes in timing and heatwave so, easy and fast screening method
should be in place for applying in breeding programs. The major challenge in
breeding program is linkage drag. To overcome this, molecular breeding help in
the identification of QTL related to heat stress, and its transfer through markerassisted breeding program appeared to be the most appropriate approach to develop
heat-tolerant lines of different crops. Transgenic and molecular breeding approaches
are also useful to transfer trait-specific genes and to develop heat tolerance genotypes
in wheat and maize.
References
Abd El-Daim IA, Bejai S, Meijer J (2014) Improved heat stress tolerance of wheat seedlings by
bacterial seed treatment. Plant Soil 379:337–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2063-3
Ahmad P, Jaleel CA, Salem MA, Nabi G, Sharma S (2010) Roles of enzymatic and nonenzymatic
antioxidants in plants during abiotic stress. Crit Rev Biotechnol 30:161–175. https://doi.org/10.
3109/07388550903524243
Akman Z (2009) Comparison of high temperature tolerance in maize, rice and sorghum seeds by
plant growth regulators. J Anim Vet Adv 8:358–361
Akter N, Rafiqul Islam M (2017) Heat stress effects and management in wheat. A review. Agron
Sustain Dev 37:37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-017-0443-9
Al-Khatib K, Paulsen GM (1984) Mode of high temperature injury to wheat during grain development. Physiol Plant 61:363–368
Allakhverdiev SI, Kreslavski VD, Klimov VV, Los DA, Carpentier R, Mohanty P (2008) Heat
stress: an overview of molecular responses in photosynthesis. Photosynth Res 98:541–550.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-008-9331-0
Almeselmani M, Deshmukh PS, Sairam RK (2009) High temperature stress tolerance in wheat
genotypes: role of antioxidant defence enzymes. Acta Agron Hung 57:1–14
Almeselmani M, Deshmukh PS, Chinnusamy V (2012) Effect of prolonged high temperature stress
on respiration, photosynthesis and gene expression in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties
differing in their thermotolerance. Plant Stress 6:25–32
68
R. Gajghate et al.