litura attack. CNGC19 expresses in vascular tissue of leaves and signal propagates
through vascular system (Meena et al. 2019).
16.3.5 Glutamate Receptor: Like Channels (GLRCs)
Glutamate receptor-like complex (GLRC) ion channels belong to members of large
gene families to form hetero-multimeric complexes (Davenport 2002). GLRC has
been activated during defence (Forde and Roberts 2014). This channel is an
non-selective Ca
2+ permeable channel which regulates (Ca
2+ ) cyt and induces the
transcription factors responsible for action against herbivore attack (Toyota et al.
2018). Channels that depolarize the membrane when activated might contribute to
(Ca
2+ ) cyt responses merely by activating voltage-sensitive pathway (Hirschi 2001).
16.3.6 Two: Pore Channels
Electrophysiological studies revealed that two-pore channels (TPC) are Ca
2+
activated channels (Pottosin et al. 2009). This protein is characterized by having
12 predictable trans-membrane domains; out of them two are incorporated domains
and form a homodimer. Two putative calcium-binding EF-hands and 14-3-3 binding
domain are incorporated between 6 and 7 trans-membrane domains forming cytosolic loop (Peiter et al. 2005). TPC1 vacuolar membrane has active role in defence
against S. littoralis feeding (Bonaventure et al. 2007). The tpc1 results in demotion
of (Ca
2+ ) cyt during plant aphid interaction (Vincent et al. 2017).
16.3.7 Annexins Channels
Annexins are considered as novel mechanosensitive plant Ca
2+ permeable channel
during stress condition. This protein is isolated and purified from Zea mays plant.
Experimentally it has been proven that purified form of annexins incorporated into
the planar lipid bilayers, elicits (Ca
2+ ) cyt as voltage-gated channel (Laohavisit et al.
2009). It is homodimer, having two putative calcium-binding EF-hands and a 14-3-3
binding domain (Peiter et al. 2005). It has peroxidase activity during ROS metabolism. It was hypothesized that it also transports calcium into the nucleus in different
ways (Alonso et al. 2006).
16.4 Calcium Sensors: Perception, Decoding, and Relaying
of Ca
2+ Signatures
During signal transduction, plethora of proteins get involved in directing Ca
2+ ions
to reach their target place in correct way. After Ca
2+ signature, Ca
2+ sensors
contribute to further specific transmission of signal. Sensor proteins have Ca
2+
16 Role of Calcium Signalling During Plant–Herbivore Interaction
497
through vascular system (Meena et al. 2019).
16.3.5 Glutamate Receptor: Like Channels (GLRCs)
Glutamate receptor-like complex (GLRC) ion channels belong to members of large
gene families to form hetero-multimeric complexes (Davenport 2002). GLRC has
been activated during defence (Forde and Roberts 2014). This channel is an
non-selective Ca
2+ permeable channel which regulates (Ca
2+ ) cyt and induces the
transcription factors responsible for action against herbivore attack (Toyota et al.
2018). Channels that depolarize the membrane when activated might contribute to
(Ca
2+ ) cyt responses merely by activating voltage-sensitive pathway (Hirschi 2001).
16.3.6 Two: Pore Channels
Electrophysiological studies revealed that two-pore channels (TPC) are Ca
2+
activated channels (Pottosin et al. 2009). This protein is characterized by having
12 predictable trans-membrane domains; out of them two are incorporated domains
and form a homodimer. Two putative calcium-binding EF-hands and 14-3-3 binding
domain are incorporated between 6 and 7 trans-membrane domains forming cytosolic loop (Peiter et al. 2005). TPC1 vacuolar membrane has active role in defence
against S. littoralis feeding (Bonaventure et al. 2007). The tpc1 results in demotion
of (Ca
2+ ) cyt during plant aphid interaction (Vincent et al. 2017).
16.3.7 Annexins Channels
Annexins are considered as novel mechanosensitive plant Ca
2+ permeable channel
during stress condition. This protein is isolated and purified from Zea mays plant.
Experimentally it has been proven that purified form of annexins incorporated into
the planar lipid bilayers, elicits (Ca
2+ ) cyt as voltage-gated channel (Laohavisit et al.
2009). It is homodimer, having two putative calcium-binding EF-hands and a 14-3-3
binding domain (Peiter et al. 2005). It has peroxidase activity during ROS metabolism. It was hypothesized that it also transports calcium into the nucleus in different
ways (Alonso et al. 2006).
16.4 Calcium Sensors: Perception, Decoding, and Relaying
of Ca
2+ Signatures
During signal transduction, plethora of proteins get involved in directing Ca
2+ ions
to reach their target place in correct way. After Ca
2+ signature, Ca
2+ sensors
contribute to further specific transmission of signal. Sensor proteins have Ca
2+
16 Role of Calcium Signalling During Plant–Herbivore Interaction
497