oil-based plastics. CollPlant (Israeli biotechnology company) has developed fully
functional recombinant human collagen ‘CollageTM’ in tobacco lines by expressing
procollagen α1(I) and α2(I) along with a human proline-4-hydroxylase and a human
lysyl hydroxylase. It is commercially used for tissue patch up and injury management and since it is free of cross-links, it can be customized to meet the demands of
industry (Stein et al. 2009). Maize is being exploited for the manufacture of enzymes
and technical reagents (Tschofen et al. 2016), for example, molecular biology
research tools—Avidin (naturally found in egg whites) and β-glucuronidase—
GUS (naturally found in E. coli). Plants are amenable to glycoengineering, in
which the synthesis pathway is synthetically modified to manufacture mammalianlike glycosylated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), for example, a plant produced
therapeutic mAb is ZMappTM, a capable cure against the Ebola virus (Wec et al.
2017). Three mouse/human chimeric mAbs and ElelysoTM (taliglucerase-a—mAb
for Gaucher’s disease) were produced in a strain of tobacco—DXF and carrot cell
culture, respectively (Mortimer 2019). Antibodies designed from molecular farming,
have been analysed for extensive analytical applications like on-site revealing of
allergens, pathogens and toxins and food verification by important biomarkers,
selective sorbents for competent sample preparation and production of antibodyfunctionalized detection probes (Tschofen et al. 2016). Microbial feed additives
when added to animal feeds, perk up feed digestibility or its quality by break
down of indigestible fibres (by hemicellulases) and/or eliminate antinutritional
factors (by phytases). Xu et al. (2013) introduced fungal beta-mannanase from
Bispora sp. MEY-1 in maize seeds and Zhang et al. (2013) introduced an acidic
endo-beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase in transgenic maize seed to be utilized in animal feed.
Similarly, Gupta et al. (2015) implanted endosperm-specific Aspergillus niger
phytase in Zea mays to express an enzyme activity adequate to digest phytate to
release adequate phosphorus in the diet. Laccase of white-rot fungus Trametes
versicolor, can oxidize phenolic compounds like lignin in the papermaking process
(Widsten and Kandelbauer 2008), treat textile mill effluents, eradicate phenolic
compounds from beverages, eradicate sulphur from fossil fuels, and develop
biosensors (Singh et al. 2011), remove pesticides and xenohormones from the soil
(Singh et al. 2015). However, extraction of laccase from fungi is expensive, molecular farming can implant the functional enzyme in the trees providing raw material.
Singh et al. (2015) reported that laccase introduction in maize but with not much
substantial output, however, plants can be manipulated to secrete laccase from their
roots (Singh et al. 2015).
In order to drop-in sustainable substitutes for fuels like petrol and diesel, photosynthetic bacteria, algae and plants can utilise solar energy to produce nextgeneration green-/biofuels. At present, bioethanol from starch, sugar or
lignocelluloses rich plants and biodiesel from oil crops are the most commonly
accessible forms of biofuel (Scott et al. 2010). Engineering autotrophic organisms to
facilitate with biofuel production include i) diverting energy-rich CBBC
intermediates from glucose production to the formation of energy-dense biofuel
precursor-like terpene, ii) developing unconventional pathways to fix CO 2 , for
example, reverse tricarboxylic-acid cycle, the Woods–Ljungdahl cycle, the
15 Plant Synthetic Biology: A Paradigm Shift Targeting Stress Mitigation,. . .
461
functional recombinant human collagen ‘CollageTM’ in tobacco lines by expressing
procollagen α1(I) and α2(I) along with a human proline-4-hydroxylase and a human
lysyl hydroxylase. It is commercially used for tissue patch up and injury management and since it is free of cross-links, it can be customized to meet the demands of
industry (Stein et al. 2009). Maize is being exploited for the manufacture of enzymes
and technical reagents (Tschofen et al. 2016), for example, molecular biology
research tools—Avidin (naturally found in egg whites) and β-glucuronidase—
GUS (naturally found in E. coli). Plants are amenable to glycoengineering, in
which the synthesis pathway is synthetically modified to manufacture mammalianlike glycosylated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), for example, a plant produced
therapeutic mAb is ZMappTM, a capable cure against the Ebola virus (Wec et al.
2017). Three mouse/human chimeric mAbs and ElelysoTM (taliglucerase-a—mAb
for Gaucher’s disease) were produced in a strain of tobacco—DXF and carrot cell
culture, respectively (Mortimer 2019). Antibodies designed from molecular farming,
have been analysed for extensive analytical applications like on-site revealing of
allergens, pathogens and toxins and food verification by important biomarkers,
selective sorbents for competent sample preparation and production of antibodyfunctionalized detection probes (Tschofen et al. 2016). Microbial feed additives
when added to animal feeds, perk up feed digestibility or its quality by break
down of indigestible fibres (by hemicellulases) and/or eliminate antinutritional
factors (by phytases). Xu et al. (2013) introduced fungal beta-mannanase from
Bispora sp. MEY-1 in maize seeds and Zhang et al. (2013) introduced an acidic
endo-beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase in transgenic maize seed to be utilized in animal feed.
Similarly, Gupta et al. (2015) implanted endosperm-specific Aspergillus niger
phytase in Zea mays to express an enzyme activity adequate to digest phytate to
release adequate phosphorus in the diet. Laccase of white-rot fungus Trametes
versicolor, can oxidize phenolic compounds like lignin in the papermaking process
(Widsten and Kandelbauer 2008), treat textile mill effluents, eradicate phenolic
compounds from beverages, eradicate sulphur from fossil fuels, and develop
biosensors (Singh et al. 2011), remove pesticides and xenohormones from the soil
(Singh et al. 2015). However, extraction of laccase from fungi is expensive, molecular farming can implant the functional enzyme in the trees providing raw material.
Singh et al. (2015) reported that laccase introduction in maize but with not much
substantial output, however, plants can be manipulated to secrete laccase from their
roots (Singh et al. 2015).
In order to drop-in sustainable substitutes for fuels like petrol and diesel, photosynthetic bacteria, algae and plants can utilise solar energy to produce nextgeneration green-/biofuels. At present, bioethanol from starch, sugar or
lignocelluloses rich plants and biodiesel from oil crops are the most commonly
accessible forms of biofuel (Scott et al. 2010). Engineering autotrophic organisms to
facilitate with biofuel production include i) diverting energy-rich CBBC
intermediates from glucose production to the formation of energy-dense biofuel
precursor-like terpene, ii) developing unconventional pathways to fix CO 2 , for
example, reverse tricarboxylic-acid cycle, the Woods–Ljungdahl cycle, the
15 Plant Synthetic Biology: A Paradigm Shift Targeting Stress Mitigation,. . .
461