the synthesis as well as the import of coenzyme B12. These sensors also monitored
the effects of genetic deletions, recombinant expression of foreign genes, and varied
growth conditions on both of these processes. Verhounig et al. (2010) also employed
synthetic riboswitches in tobacco chloroplast genomes as ‘translational regulators’
of the gene expressing in response to exogenous ligands.
Recently‚ Kumar and Arora (2020) have extenisvely reviewed the nano-inspired
biosensors for the detection of pathogens, viruses, bacteria, fungi and abiotic stressinduced plant diseases. Uses of a varied variety of nanomaterials in the form of
nanoparticles/tubes/rods/wires have facilitated quicker detection and reproducibility
of many biotic and abiotic factors (Kumar and Arora 2020). The localized surface
plasmon resonance (LSPR) of gold nanoparticles—AuNPs were used to construct a
colorimetric nano-biosensing system to spot Tomato yellow leaf curl virus genome
in infected host (Razmi et al. 2019). Wang et al. (2019a, b) designed a visual colour
change and electrochemical differential pulse voltammetric biosensor for the detection of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus and Watermelon mosaic respectively.
Hong and Lee (2018) enlisted nano-material based biosensors for detecting viral
infection in plants. Certain biosensors for the detection of fungal infections like
surface plasmon resonance-based immunosensor to Pseudocerocospora fijiensis
infection in banana (Luna-Moreno et al. 2019), hyperspectral analysis for detection
of rusts and blights in monocots (Mahlein et al. 2013; Das et al. 2015; Zheng et al.
2018), gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based lateral flow biosensor for detection of
Phytophthora infestans causing late blight in potatoes and tomatoes (Zhan et al.
2018) have been developed. In order to determine ABA (hormone regulating plant
abiotic stress management) in vivo in plants, bioprobes like ‘Abaleons’, ‘ABACUS’
and ‘Cameleon’ can be used, where they change colour of fluorescence or emit green
fluorescence when ABA binds to receptor or biosensor for expression of GUS under
stress can be utilised (Choi and Gilroy 2014; Pandey et al. 2018)
15.5 Bioremediation and Stress Mitigation
All anthropogenic activities have the prospective to generate ecological
contaminants like organic molecules from fuel and chemical spills, cultivation,
industry, and forestry and inorganic contaminants from mining, irrigation, and
geochemical cycles. The use of microbes and plants for remediation proposes
noninvasive, economical and eco-friendly alternatives to clean up the polluted area
(Pilon-Smits 2005). de Lorenzo (2017) suggested that for the future sustainability of
agriculture, bio-processes like (1) development of non-photosynthetic microbial
capturing of CO 2 can help in reducing global warming and greenhouse gases,
(2) characterisation of H 2 O-capturing proteins in draught-resistant soil microbes
can increase humidity of arid ecosystems, (3) designing of bacteria with complete
plastic mineralization pathway and spreading of plastic-flocculation surface
adhesions can clean up plastic waste in marine ecosystems, (4) engineering of
phosphate hyperaccumulators can help in recovering diluted phosphorus from
marine ecosystems, (5) construction of microbial strains engineered for absolute
454
P. Singla
the effects of genetic deletions, recombinant expression of foreign genes, and varied
growth conditions on both of these processes. Verhounig et al. (2010) also employed
synthetic riboswitches in tobacco chloroplast genomes as ‘translational regulators’
of the gene expressing in response to exogenous ligands.
Recently‚ Kumar and Arora (2020) have extenisvely reviewed the nano-inspired
biosensors for the detection of pathogens, viruses, bacteria, fungi and abiotic stressinduced plant diseases. Uses of a varied variety of nanomaterials in the form of
nanoparticles/tubes/rods/wires have facilitated quicker detection and reproducibility
of many biotic and abiotic factors (Kumar and Arora 2020). The localized surface
plasmon resonance (LSPR) of gold nanoparticles—AuNPs were used to construct a
colorimetric nano-biosensing system to spot Tomato yellow leaf curl virus genome
in infected host (Razmi et al. 2019). Wang et al. (2019a, b) designed a visual colour
change and electrochemical differential pulse voltammetric biosensor for the detection of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus and Watermelon mosaic respectively.
Hong and Lee (2018) enlisted nano-material based biosensors for detecting viral
infection in plants. Certain biosensors for the detection of fungal infections like
surface plasmon resonance-based immunosensor to Pseudocerocospora fijiensis
infection in banana (Luna-Moreno et al. 2019), hyperspectral analysis for detection
of rusts and blights in monocots (Mahlein et al. 2013; Das et al. 2015; Zheng et al.
2018), gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based lateral flow biosensor for detection of
Phytophthora infestans causing late blight in potatoes and tomatoes (Zhan et al.
2018) have been developed. In order to determine ABA (hormone regulating plant
abiotic stress management) in vivo in plants, bioprobes like ‘Abaleons’, ‘ABACUS’
and ‘Cameleon’ can be used, where they change colour of fluorescence or emit green
fluorescence when ABA binds to receptor or biosensor for expression of GUS under
stress can be utilised (Choi and Gilroy 2014; Pandey et al. 2018)
15.5 Bioremediation and Stress Mitigation
All anthropogenic activities have the prospective to generate ecological
contaminants like organic molecules from fuel and chemical spills, cultivation,
industry, and forestry and inorganic contaminants from mining, irrigation, and
geochemical cycles. The use of microbes and plants for remediation proposes
noninvasive, economical and eco-friendly alternatives to clean up the polluted area
(Pilon-Smits 2005). de Lorenzo (2017) suggested that for the future sustainability of
agriculture, bio-processes like (1) development of non-photosynthetic microbial
capturing of CO 2 can help in reducing global warming and greenhouse gases,
(2) characterisation of H 2 O-capturing proteins in draught-resistant soil microbes
can increase humidity of arid ecosystems, (3) designing of bacteria with complete
plastic mineralization pathway and spreading of plastic-flocculation surface
adhesions can clean up plastic waste in marine ecosystems, (4) engineering of
phosphate hyperaccumulators can help in recovering diluted phosphorus from
marine ecosystems, (5) construction of microbial strains engineered for absolute
454
P. Singla