HSPs have also been found to be upregulated by various other abiotic stresses such
as heavy metals, flooding, oxidative stress, etc.
1.4
Conclusions
Various abiotic stresses affect plant’s phenology, disrupt metabolic activities at
physiological, cellular, and molecular levels. Such changes unfavourably affect the
growth and development of plants and in field crop species even significantly reduce
the crop yield. The various stress factors are transduced through signal transduction
pathways. The components involved in such pathways are calcium, ROS, protein
kinase, etc. The stress signals further regulate transcription factors and thereby
controlling gene regulation. Future studies are required focussing on different crop
plants, to explore regulatory mechanisms; for example, MiRNA, alternative splicing,
and cross-talk between different pathways. Such biotechnological studies using
molecular approach would help to develop stress resistant and tolerant crops.
References
Ali Y, Aslam Z, Ashraf MY, Tahir GR (2004) Effect of salinity on chlorophyll concentration, leaf
area, yield and yield components of rice genotypes grown under saline environment. Int J
Environ Sci Technol 1(3):221–225
Amari T, Ghnaya T, Abdelly C (2017) Nickel, cadmium and lead phytotoxicity and potential of
halophytic plants in heavy metal extraction. S Afr J Bot 111:99–110
Atif RM, Shahid L, Waqas M, Ali B, Rashid MAR, Azeem F, Nawaz MA, Wani SH, Chung G
(2019) Insights on calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) signaling for abiotic stress
tolerance in plants. Int J Mol Sci 20(21):5298. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215298
Bae MS, Cho EJ, Choi E, Park OK (2003) Analysis of the Arabidopsis nuclear proteome and its
response to cold stress. Plant J 36:652–663
Baillo EH, Kimotho RN, Zhang Z, Xu P (2019) Transcription factors associated with abiotic and
biotic stress tolerance and their potential for crops improvement. Genes (Basel) 10(10):771.
https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10100771
Balfagón D, Sengupta S, Gómez-Cadenas A, Fritschi FB, Azad RK, Mittler R, Zandalinas SI (2019)
Jasmonic acid is required for plant acclimation to a combination of high light and heat stress.
Plant Physiol 181(4):1668–1682
Boyer JS (2009) Evans review: cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant
enlargement. Funct Plant Biol 36(5):383–394
Cramer GR (2010) Abiotic stress & plant responses from the whole vine to the genes. Aust J Grape
Wine Res 16:86–93
Cramer GR, Urano K, Delrot S, Pezzotti M, Shinozaki K (2011) Effects of abiotic stress on plants: a
systems biology perspective. BMC Plant Biol 11:163
Demiral T, Türkan I (2005) Comparative lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense systems and
proline content in roots of two rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Environ Exp Bot
53:247–257
Devireddy AR, Zandalinas SI, Gómez-Cadenas A, Blumwald E, Mittler R (2018) Coordinating the
overall stomatal response of plants: rapid leaf-to-leaf communication during light stress. Sci
Signal 11(518):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aam9514
Djanaguiraman M, Prasad PVV (2014) High temperature stress. In: Jackson M, Ford-Lloyd B,
Parry M (eds) Plant genetic resources and climate change. CABI, Wallingford, pp 201–220
12
P. Baweja and G. Kumar
as heavy metals, flooding, oxidative stress, etc.
1.4
Conclusions
Various abiotic stresses affect plant’s phenology, disrupt metabolic activities at
physiological, cellular, and molecular levels. Such changes unfavourably affect the
growth and development of plants and in field crop species even significantly reduce
the crop yield. The various stress factors are transduced through signal transduction
pathways. The components involved in such pathways are calcium, ROS, protein
kinase, etc. The stress signals further regulate transcription factors and thereby
controlling gene regulation. Future studies are required focussing on different crop
plants, to explore regulatory mechanisms; for example, MiRNA, alternative splicing,
and cross-talk between different pathways. Such biotechnological studies using
molecular approach would help to develop stress resistant and tolerant crops.
References
Ali Y, Aslam Z, Ashraf MY, Tahir GR (2004) Effect of salinity on chlorophyll concentration, leaf
area, yield and yield components of rice genotypes grown under saline environment. Int J
Environ Sci Technol 1(3):221–225
Amari T, Ghnaya T, Abdelly C (2017) Nickel, cadmium and lead phytotoxicity and potential of
halophytic plants in heavy metal extraction. S Afr J Bot 111:99–110
Atif RM, Shahid L, Waqas M, Ali B, Rashid MAR, Azeem F, Nawaz MA, Wani SH, Chung G
(2019) Insights on calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) signaling for abiotic stress
tolerance in plants. Int J Mol Sci 20(21):5298. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215298
Bae MS, Cho EJ, Choi E, Park OK (2003) Analysis of the Arabidopsis nuclear proteome and its
response to cold stress. Plant J 36:652–663
Baillo EH, Kimotho RN, Zhang Z, Xu P (2019) Transcription factors associated with abiotic and
biotic stress tolerance and their potential for crops improvement. Genes (Basel) 10(10):771.
https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10100771
Balfagón D, Sengupta S, Gómez-Cadenas A, Fritschi FB, Azad RK, Mittler R, Zandalinas SI (2019)
Jasmonic acid is required for plant acclimation to a combination of high light and heat stress.
Plant Physiol 181(4):1668–1682
Boyer JS (2009) Evans review: cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant
enlargement. Funct Plant Biol 36(5):383–394
Cramer GR (2010) Abiotic stress & plant responses from the whole vine to the genes. Aust J Grape
Wine Res 16:86–93
Cramer GR, Urano K, Delrot S, Pezzotti M, Shinozaki K (2011) Effects of abiotic stress on plants: a
systems biology perspective. BMC Plant Biol 11:163
Demiral T, Türkan I (2005) Comparative lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense systems and
proline content in roots of two rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Environ Exp Bot
53:247–257
Devireddy AR, Zandalinas SI, Gómez-Cadenas A, Blumwald E, Mittler R (2018) Coordinating the
overall stomatal response of plants: rapid leaf-to-leaf communication during light stress. Sci
Signal 11(518):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aam9514
Djanaguiraman M, Prasad PVV (2014) High temperature stress. In: Jackson M, Ford-Lloyd B,
Parry M (eds) Plant genetic resources and climate change. CABI, Wallingford, pp 201–220
12
P. Baweja and G. Kumar