degradosomes. This review highlights the current knowledge on cold tolerance/
adaptation mechanisms operating in psychrotolerant bacteria and their utility in
alleviation of cold stress and modern biotechnology.
Keywords
Cold tolerance · Psychrotrophic · Sensing · Cold-active enzymes ·
Cryoprotectants · Cold shock protein · Cold acclimation protein ·
Biotechnological applications
Abbreviations
AAT
Aspartate aminotransferase
AFPs
Antifreeze proteins
Caps
Cold acclimation proteins
CRP
Cold resistance protein
CSD
Cold shock domain
Csps
Cold shock proteins
CSR
Cold shock response
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EPS
Extracellular polysaccharides
GST
Glutathione S-transferase
hik
Histidine kinase
INAP
Ice nucleation active protein
RIR
Ice recrystallization
kDa
Kilo Dalton
LP
Lipoglycoprotein
MDa
Mega Dalton
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
PHB
Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate
RI
Recrystallization inhibition
RNA
Ribose nucleic acid
ROS
Reactive oxygen species
TF
Trigger factor
TH
Thermal hysteresis
6.1
Introduction
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in nature and colonize different ecological niches on
the earth surface. Due to their ubiquity, they have to encounter several extreme
environments. It is this ubiquity and ability to survive the extreme environments that
sets microbes distinct from all life forms. The discovery of microorganisms
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