predicted to target the transcript of Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage
Protein 4 (NRAMP4), a metal transporter (Paul et al. 2016).
Several miRNAs are likely to play a general role in general nutrient homeostasis
whereas several miRNAs may have role in maintaining homeostasis of specific
mineral nutrients. For example, levels of miR156 are upregulated under deficiency
of P, N, S, and Mn in Lupinus albus (P), A. thaliana (N), B. napus (S), and Phaseolus
vulgaris (Mn). Similarly, levels of miR408 are downregulated in wheat and
Arabidopsis under P and Fe deficiency stress, respectively, and upregulated in
maize and Arabidopsis under N and Cu deficiency stress, respectively (Paul et al.
2015). MIR827 is known to play role in N and P stress, it targets the NLA gene
which is known to play adaptive role in N stress (Kant et al. 2011). Compared to
N and P, MIRNA in sulfate and potassium stress has not been explored by any
genome wide search. MIR444 has been known to slightly alter by nitrate as well as
potassium deprived condition in Rice (Yan et al. 2014). Table 5.6 provides a
comprehensive representative list of miRNAs that have been shown to be responsive
to several mineral nutrients in a variety of plants.
Since several conserved MIRNA families occurring in various plant species are
known to also display similar responses to nutrient stress across various plants, they
can be exploited to generate as common strategy to enhance nutrient use efficiency
(NUE). In addition to that several miRNAs—miR160, miR167, miR171, miR393
which are known to alter root system architecture are also found to be responsive to
N and P stresses (Sinha et al, 2015). These miRNAs are, therefore, considered as key
candidates, and can prove helpful in modifying root architecture of plant for better
adaptation to nutrient stresses.
Table 5.4 (continued)
Molecular
regulators and
phytohormones Plant
Role
References
P
• Cytokinin
• Strigolactone
A.thaliana
Franco-Zorrilla et al. (2005)
and Mayzlish-Gati et al.
(2012)
K
• ABA
• GA
• Cytokinin
• Auxin
T. aestivum
A.thaliana
Erdel and Dhakal (1988) and
Nam et al. (2012)
S
• JA
• Ethylene
• ABA
• Nitric oxide
• Auxin
• Cytokinin
• SA
A.thaliana;
Several
plants
Koprivova and Kopriva
(2016)
154
E. Bhardwaj et al.
Protein 4 (NRAMP4), a metal transporter (Paul et al. 2016).
Several miRNAs are likely to play a general role in general nutrient homeostasis
whereas several miRNAs may have role in maintaining homeostasis of specific
mineral nutrients. For example, levels of miR156 are upregulated under deficiency
of P, N, S, and Mn in Lupinus albus (P), A. thaliana (N), B. napus (S), and Phaseolus
vulgaris (Mn). Similarly, levels of miR408 are downregulated in wheat and
Arabidopsis under P and Fe deficiency stress, respectively, and upregulated in
maize and Arabidopsis under N and Cu deficiency stress, respectively (Paul et al.
2015). MIR827 is known to play role in N and P stress, it targets the NLA gene
which is known to play adaptive role in N stress (Kant et al. 2011). Compared to
N and P, MIRNA in sulfate and potassium stress has not been explored by any
genome wide search. MIR444 has been known to slightly alter by nitrate as well as
potassium deprived condition in Rice (Yan et al. 2014). Table 5.6 provides a
comprehensive representative list of miRNAs that have been shown to be responsive
to several mineral nutrients in a variety of plants.
Since several conserved MIRNA families occurring in various plant species are
known to also display similar responses to nutrient stress across various plants, they
can be exploited to generate as common strategy to enhance nutrient use efficiency
(NUE). In addition to that several miRNAs—miR160, miR167, miR171, miR393
which are known to alter root system architecture are also found to be responsive to
N and P stresses (Sinha et al, 2015). These miRNAs are, therefore, considered as key
candidates, and can prove helpful in modifying root architecture of plant for better
adaptation to nutrient stresses.
Table 5.4 (continued)
Molecular
regulators and
phytohormones Plant
Role
References
P
• Cytokinin
• Strigolactone
A.thaliana
Franco-Zorrilla et al. (2005)
and Mayzlish-Gati et al.
(2012)
K
• ABA
• GA
• Cytokinin
• Auxin
T. aestivum
A.thaliana
Erdel and Dhakal (1988) and
Nam et al. (2012)
S
• JA
• Ethylene
• ABA
• Nitric oxide
• Auxin
• Cytokinin
• SA
A.thaliana;
Several
plants
Koprivova and Kopriva
(2016)
154
E. Bhardwaj et al.