72
“Resilience”. Resilience, however, is a borrowing term since 1973 from the socioecological system, which means the tendency or capacity of a system to revert to its
original state after being disturbed. Likewise, the concept of resilience in the food
system and food chain is called as Food system resilience (Tendall et al. 2015). On
the other hand, certain known concepts related to antibiotic resistance already exist
and “antibiotic resilience” is the just beginning of a new concept (Carvalho et al.
2019). The cooling (La Nina) and warming (El Nino) events in the Pacific Ocean
create warmer and colder effects alternatively; those have a far-reaching impact on
the natural balance of global climate and weather all over the world. Recently
observed in China, both cycles have a remarkable effect on the production of crop
yield (Li et al. 2019). The short term seasonal changes affect locally at the temporal
level, while a long term silent change creates an everlasting threat globally.
Unfortunately, the addition of anthropogenic activities, carbon dioxide emission
and methane emission from grazing animals accounts more (Van Zanten et al. 2019)
and use of antibiotics in the human and veterinary sector (Nelson et al. 2019) gives
acceleration to climate change.
3.6.1 Antimicrobial Resistance and Climate Change: Impact
on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production
Antibiotics consumption rate has estimated to increase over time ranging from
63,000 tonnes (Van Boeckel et al. 2015) to 240,000 tonnes (Grace 2015), but it varies significantly between countries due to poor surveillance. Although, it seemed to
be obvious that the consumption rate in humans, agriculture and animals is increasing over time. According to estimation, antibiotics consumption in agriculture will
increase from 2010–2030 by 67 percent (Van Boeckel et al. 2015). The use of antibiotics in livestock also has increased, more than 70% in the US and over 50% of
antibiotics are found to be consumed in the livestock sector (O’Neill 2016b).
Among the different uses of antibiotics, the use of antibiotics to promote the
growth of animals is most controversial. No doubt, it is profitable and has economic
value but on a large scale, it has an everlasting damaging effect on population health.
Moreover, it becomes a commonly observed phenomenon, that the long term use of
antibiotics makes the bacterial population to resist the antibiotics and evidence suggested that even a low use or sub-therapeutic level of usage make bacteria resistant
(Allen 2014). There has been a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in
agricultural land with the use of antibiotics as compare to non antibiotic agricultural
land (Zhu et al. 2013). This shows clearly, the threat to human health as the many
countries are now revising their antibiotics usage and consumption in agriculture,
livestock and at clinical sides to an optimum level, to limit and control the antimicrobial resistance issue. The 40% of the terrestrial environment has been occupied
by the agriculture sector, and in the future, this proportion has been estimated to
increase further, which will dramatically impact carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous
fixation. The changes in these cycles can lead to loss of biodiversity (Lehman et al.
M. Mohsin et al.
“Resilience”. Resilience, however, is a borrowing term since 1973 from the socioecological system, which means the tendency or capacity of a system to revert to its
original state after being disturbed. Likewise, the concept of resilience in the food
system and food chain is called as Food system resilience (Tendall et al. 2015). On
the other hand, certain known concepts related to antibiotic resistance already exist
and “antibiotic resilience” is the just beginning of a new concept (Carvalho et al.
2019). The cooling (La Nina) and warming (El Nino) events in the Pacific Ocean
create warmer and colder effects alternatively; those have a far-reaching impact on
the natural balance of global climate and weather all over the world. Recently
observed in China, both cycles have a remarkable effect on the production of crop
yield (Li et al. 2019). The short term seasonal changes affect locally at the temporal
level, while a long term silent change creates an everlasting threat globally.
Unfortunately, the addition of anthropogenic activities, carbon dioxide emission
and methane emission from grazing animals accounts more (Van Zanten et al. 2019)
and use of antibiotics in the human and veterinary sector (Nelson et al. 2019) gives
acceleration to climate change.
3.6.1 Antimicrobial Resistance and Climate Change: Impact
on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production
Antibiotics consumption rate has estimated to increase over time ranging from
63,000 tonnes (Van Boeckel et al. 2015) to 240,000 tonnes (Grace 2015), but it varies significantly between countries due to poor surveillance. Although, it seemed to
be obvious that the consumption rate in humans, agriculture and animals is increasing over time. According to estimation, antibiotics consumption in agriculture will
increase from 2010–2030 by 67 percent (Van Boeckel et al. 2015). The use of antibiotics in livestock also has increased, more than 70% in the US and over 50% of
antibiotics are found to be consumed in the livestock sector (O’Neill 2016b).
Among the different uses of antibiotics, the use of antibiotics to promote the
growth of animals is most controversial. No doubt, it is profitable and has economic
value but on a large scale, it has an everlasting damaging effect on population health.
Moreover, it becomes a commonly observed phenomenon, that the long term use of
antibiotics makes the bacterial population to resist the antibiotics and evidence suggested that even a low use or sub-therapeutic level of usage make bacteria resistant
(Allen 2014). There has been a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in
agricultural land with the use of antibiotics as compare to non antibiotic agricultural
land (Zhu et al. 2013). This shows clearly, the threat to human health as the many
countries are now revising their antibiotics usage and consumption in agriculture,
livestock and at clinical sides to an optimum level, to limit and control the antimicrobial resistance issue. The 40% of the terrestrial environment has been occupied
by the agriculture sector, and in the future, this proportion has been estimated to
increase further, which will dramatically impact carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous
fixation. The changes in these cycles can lead to loss of biodiversity (Lehman et al.
M. Mohsin et al.