54
on their own. Global coordination of political involvement and initiatives should be
pursued without further delay (ECDC et al. 2015; EMA, 2016). However, the lack
of coordination of various programs and the limitation of genetic information of
antimicrobial resistance remain the major loopholes in Surveillance system. The
future of resistance surveillance is moving toward molecular analysis, and genotypic detection methods are expected to give a wealth of information.
References
Aarestrup FM, Bager F, Jensen NE, Madsen M, Meyling A, Wegener HC (1998) Surveillance
of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from food animals to antimicrobial growth
promoters and related therapeutic agents in Denmark. APMIS 106:606–622. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1998.tb01391.x
Aarestrup FM, Wegener HC, Collignon P (2008) Resistance in bacteria of the food chain: epidemiology and control strategies. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 6:733–750. https://doi.
org/10.1586/14787210.6.5.733
Akkina JE, Hogue AT, Angulo FJ, Johnson R, Petersen KE, Saini PK, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Schlosser
WD (1999) Epidemiologic aspects, control, and importance of multiple-drug resistant
Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:790–798
Allard MW, Stevens EL, Brown EW (2019) All for one and one for all: the true potential of
whole-genome sequencing. Lancet Infect Dis 19:683–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S1473-3099(19)30172-0
Amos B, Kisakye A, Makewa D, Mudhune S, Mwamtemi H, Nansera D, Ngwiri T, Wamae M,
English M (2009) Behind the data: establishing the Network for Surveillance of Pneumococcal
Disease in the East African Region. Clin Infect Dis 48(Suppl 2):S162–S171. https://doi.
org/10.1086/596496
Arzanlou M, Chai WC, Venter H (2017) Intrinsic, adaptive and acquired antimicrobial resistance
in Gram-negative bacteria. Essays Biochem 61:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20160063
Ashley EA, Recht J, Chua A, Dance D, Dhorda M, Thomas NV, Ranganathan N, Turner P, Guerin
PJ, White NJ et al (2018) An inventory of supranational antimicrobial resistance surveillance
networks involving low- and middle-income countries since 2000. J Antimicrob Chemother
73:1737–1749. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky026
Barlam TF, Cosgrove SE, Abbo LM, MacDougall C, Schuetz AN, Septimus EJ, Srinivasan A,
Dellit TH, Falck-Ytter YT, Fishman NO et al (2016) Implementing an antibiotic stewardship
program: guidelines by the infectious diseases society of America and the society for healthcare
epidemiology of America. Clin Infect Dis 62:e51–e77. DOI: ciw118 [pii]10.1093/cid/ciw118
Braden CR (2006) Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and eggs: a national epidemic in the
United States. Clin Infect Dis 43:512–517. https://doi.org/10.1086/505973
CAC (2011) Guidelines for risk analysis of foodborne antimicrobial resistance. Codex Alimentarius
Commission CAC/GL 77, Rome
Carattoli A (2013) Plasmids and the spread of resistance. Int J Med Microbiol 303:298–304.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.001
Cartwright EJ, Patel MK, Mbopi-Keou FX, Ayers T, Haenke B, Wagenaar BH, Mintz E, Quick R
(2013) Recurrent epidemic cholera with high mortality in Cameroon: persistent challenges 40
years into the seventh pandemic. Epidemiol Infect 141:2083–2093. https://doi.org/10.1017/
S0950268812002932
CDC (2016a) National antimicrobial resistance monitoring system for enteric bacteria (NARMS):
human isolates surveillance report for 2014 (Final Report). Department of Health and Human
Services, CDC
S. Kumar et al.
on their own. Global coordination of political involvement and initiatives should be
pursued without further delay (ECDC et al. 2015; EMA, 2016). However, the lack
of coordination of various programs and the limitation of genetic information of
antimicrobial resistance remain the major loopholes in Surveillance system. The
future of resistance surveillance is moving toward molecular analysis, and genotypic detection methods are expected to give a wealth of information.
References
Aarestrup FM, Bager F, Jensen NE, Madsen M, Meyling A, Wegener HC (1998) Surveillance
of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from food animals to antimicrobial growth
promoters and related therapeutic agents in Denmark. APMIS 106:606–622. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1998.tb01391.x
Aarestrup FM, Wegener HC, Collignon P (2008) Resistance in bacteria of the food chain: epidemiology and control strategies. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 6:733–750. https://doi.
org/10.1586/14787210.6.5.733
Akkina JE, Hogue AT, Angulo FJ, Johnson R, Petersen KE, Saini PK, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Schlosser
WD (1999) Epidemiologic aspects, control, and importance of multiple-drug resistant
Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:790–798
Allard MW, Stevens EL, Brown EW (2019) All for one and one for all: the true potential of
whole-genome sequencing. Lancet Infect Dis 19:683–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S1473-3099(19)30172-0
Amos B, Kisakye A, Makewa D, Mudhune S, Mwamtemi H, Nansera D, Ngwiri T, Wamae M,
English M (2009) Behind the data: establishing the Network for Surveillance of Pneumococcal
Disease in the East African Region. Clin Infect Dis 48(Suppl 2):S162–S171. https://doi.
org/10.1086/596496
Arzanlou M, Chai WC, Venter H (2017) Intrinsic, adaptive and acquired antimicrobial resistance
in Gram-negative bacteria. Essays Biochem 61:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20160063
Ashley EA, Recht J, Chua A, Dance D, Dhorda M, Thomas NV, Ranganathan N, Turner P, Guerin
PJ, White NJ et al (2018) An inventory of supranational antimicrobial resistance surveillance
networks involving low- and middle-income countries since 2000. J Antimicrob Chemother
73:1737–1749. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky026
Barlam TF, Cosgrove SE, Abbo LM, MacDougall C, Schuetz AN, Septimus EJ, Srinivasan A,
Dellit TH, Falck-Ytter YT, Fishman NO et al (2016) Implementing an antibiotic stewardship
program: guidelines by the infectious diseases society of America and the society for healthcare
epidemiology of America. Clin Infect Dis 62:e51–e77. DOI: ciw118 [pii]10.1093/cid/ciw118
Braden CR (2006) Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and eggs: a national epidemic in the
United States. Clin Infect Dis 43:512–517. https://doi.org/10.1086/505973
CAC (2011) Guidelines for risk analysis of foodborne antimicrobial resistance. Codex Alimentarius
Commission CAC/GL 77, Rome
Carattoli A (2013) Plasmids and the spread of resistance. Int J Med Microbiol 303:298–304.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.001
Cartwright EJ, Patel MK, Mbopi-Keou FX, Ayers T, Haenke B, Wagenaar BH, Mintz E, Quick R
(2013) Recurrent epidemic cholera with high mortality in Cameroon: persistent challenges 40
years into the seventh pandemic. Epidemiol Infect 141:2083–2093. https://doi.org/10.1017/
S0950268812002932
CDC (2016a) National antimicrobial resistance monitoring system for enteric bacteria (NARMS):
human isolates surveillance report for 2014 (Final Report). Department of Health and Human
Services, CDC
S. Kumar et al.