40
recently announced its policy for improved antimicrobial resistance surveillance
over the next 5 years. Goals of ESVAC include spreading out of data collection to
all countries in the European Union, transition to ongoing annual reporting, harmonisation and standardisation of data collection, automation of data presentation
and analysis, database linkage, and integration of animal, human, and food data
(EMA 2016).
The Central Asian and Eastern European Surveillance of Antimicrobial
Resistance (CAESAR) network is a mutual initiative of the WHO Regional Office
for Europe, the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment and
the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. CAESAR
is a network of national antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems and includes
almost all countries of the WHO European Union that are not part of EARS-Net.
The second annual CAESAR report was published in November, 2016 (WHO
2016). Twenty countries participated in CAESAR and six others have submitted the
data of national surveillance to the CAESAR. In 2015, WHO launched the global
antimicrobial resistance system project for improved surveillance of seven antibiotic resistant bacteria in member states. The surveillance report based on the 2016
data, were made publicly available from July, 2017.
Detailed resistance surveillance in food chain and animals is necessary to understand and predict the trends in antimicrobial resistance, because the presently available information is not adequate. In report 12, the European Food Safety Authority,
European Medicines Agency and ECDC emphasized foremost restrictions of existing evidence and focussed on enhanced combined surveillance after analyzing
interplay between antimicrobial consumption and escalated resistance in humans
and other food animals. Few European countries have started antimicrobial resistance surveillance programmes at national level but with limited goals.
2.6 Surveillance Systems of India
Burden of infectious disease and antimicrobial resistance are of a great concern to
global as well as national healthcare fraternity. This resistance is more significant in
relation to Gram negative pathogens as compared to Gram positive organisms. No
systemic or national surveillance program is present in India resulting in only few
multicentre reports from individual units on antimicrobial resistance. In consideration to it, the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, developed an antimicrobial resistance surveillance network in 2014 in collaboration with tertiary care
hospitals throughout India (Veeraraghavan et al. 2018; Wattal and Goel 2014). This
systemic data capturing system results in generation of reliable data with greater
precision. The network was developed to study the molecular mechanisms and
cumulative anti biogram involved in development of antimicrobial resistance for
Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System pathogens of top priority
(Gram negative organisms and Gram positive). Priority pathogens include
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella
S. Kumar et al.
recently announced its policy for improved antimicrobial resistance surveillance
over the next 5 years. Goals of ESVAC include spreading out of data collection to
all countries in the European Union, transition to ongoing annual reporting, harmonisation and standardisation of data collection, automation of data presentation
and analysis, database linkage, and integration of animal, human, and food data
(EMA 2016).
The Central Asian and Eastern European Surveillance of Antimicrobial
Resistance (CAESAR) network is a mutual initiative of the WHO Regional Office
for Europe, the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment and
the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. CAESAR
is a network of national antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems and includes
almost all countries of the WHO European Union that are not part of EARS-Net.
The second annual CAESAR report was published in November, 2016 (WHO
2016). Twenty countries participated in CAESAR and six others have submitted the
data of national surveillance to the CAESAR. In 2015, WHO launched the global
antimicrobial resistance system project for improved surveillance of seven antibiotic resistant bacteria in member states. The surveillance report based on the 2016
data, were made publicly available from July, 2017.
Detailed resistance surveillance in food chain and animals is necessary to understand and predict the trends in antimicrobial resistance, because the presently available information is not adequate. In report 12, the European Food Safety Authority,
European Medicines Agency and ECDC emphasized foremost restrictions of existing evidence and focussed on enhanced combined surveillance after analyzing
interplay between antimicrobial consumption and escalated resistance in humans
and other food animals. Few European countries have started antimicrobial resistance surveillance programmes at national level but with limited goals.
2.6 Surveillance Systems of India
Burden of infectious disease and antimicrobial resistance are of a great concern to
global as well as national healthcare fraternity. This resistance is more significant in
relation to Gram negative pathogens as compared to Gram positive organisms. No
systemic or national surveillance program is present in India resulting in only few
multicentre reports from individual units on antimicrobial resistance. In consideration to it, the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, developed an antimicrobial resistance surveillance network in 2014 in collaboration with tertiary care
hospitals throughout India (Veeraraghavan et al. 2018; Wattal and Goel 2014). This
systemic data capturing system results in generation of reliable data with greater
precision. The network was developed to study the molecular mechanisms and
cumulative anti biogram involved in development of antimicrobial resistance for
Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System pathogens of top priority
(Gram negative organisms and Gram positive). Priority pathogens include
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella
S. Kumar et al.