Data fusion
agricultural information systems, 105–107,
109
agricultural production and management,
104
agricultural resource, 135
characteristics, 104
CNN, 132–135
crop variety, 135
deep learning, 136
food security, 135
management of nonlinearity, 136
mobile wireless networks, 104
monitoring parameters, 104
multilayered service structure, 136
multisensory environments, 105
multitemporal mapping, 104
neural networks, 122–124, 126, 128
policy management, 136
process of integration, 104
remote sensing systems, 104
smartphone, 104
spatial and temporal features, 104
spatial frequency data, 104
spatiotemporal data, 104
statistical data, 104
sustainable efficiency optimization, 136
system integration, 136
wavelet transformation, 128–132
Data layer, 396
Data life cycle, 391, 392
Data science, 2
Data segmentation, 112
Data service, 76–78
Data sharing, 391, 392, 394, 396, 397
Data technologies, 386
Decision Support System for Agrotechnology
Transfer (DSAT), 32, 33
Decision support systems (DSS), 33, 34
Decision-tree classifier
attribute, 364
classification results, 362
color-composite images, 363
confusion matrix, 363, 364
construction, 358–360
data sets, 360, 361
detectable features of PML, 354–358
ENVI Decision Tree tool, 362
GeoEye image, 361
Landsat TM images, 362
OA, 363
PA, 363
PML pixels, 362
preprocessing, 360, 361
statistics, 362
UA, 363
visual interpretation features, 356
Deep convolutional networks, 133
Deep learning, 96, 185
Deep neural network (DNN), 96, 135
DenseNets, 135
Density slicing, 326
Deterministic interpolation methods, 261
Digital elevation model (DEM), 235, 324, 325
Digital image processing
agricultural monitoring systems, 82
big data challenge, 89, 90
cloud-based, 87
definitions, 82, 83
fundamental steps, 83
hardware, 85, 86
image acquisition, 84
image compression, 84
image enhancement, 84
image representation, 85
image restoration, 84
image segmentation, 85
mobile devices, 86
origins, 82, 83
software, 86
Digital orthophotos, 245, 246
Digital signal processors (DSPs), 133
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), 180
Discrete wavelet transformation (DWT),
130, 180
Discriminative features, 365
Dodging, 246
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI), 75
E
Earth observation (EO), 44, 386
Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL), 51
Earth Observing System Data and Information
System (EOSDIS), 155
Earth System Data Records (ESDRs), 13
Efficiency management, 108
Energy balance-based models, 305
Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), 215
Enumerators, 266
ENVI Decision Tree tool, 362
ENVI software, 355
Environment Policy Integrated Climate Model
(EPIC), 32
Environmental Data Records (EDRs), 13
ENVISAT, 328
Index
409
agricultural information systems, 105–107,
109
agricultural production and management,
104
agricultural resource, 135
characteristics, 104
CNN, 132–135
crop variety, 135
deep learning, 136
food security, 135
management of nonlinearity, 136
mobile wireless networks, 104
monitoring parameters, 104
multilayered service structure, 136
multisensory environments, 105
multitemporal mapping, 104
neural networks, 122–124, 126, 128
policy management, 136
process of integration, 104
remote sensing systems, 104
smartphone, 104
spatial and temporal features, 104
spatial frequency data, 104
spatiotemporal data, 104
statistical data, 104
sustainable efficiency optimization, 136
system integration, 136
wavelet transformation, 128–132
Data layer, 396
Data life cycle, 391, 392
Data science, 2
Data segmentation, 112
Data service, 76–78
Data sharing, 391, 392, 394, 396, 397
Data technologies, 386
Decision Support System for Agrotechnology
Transfer (DSAT), 32, 33
Decision support systems (DSS), 33, 34
Decision-tree classifier
attribute, 364
classification results, 362
color-composite images, 363
confusion matrix, 363, 364
construction, 358–360
data sets, 360, 361
detectable features of PML, 354–358
ENVI Decision Tree tool, 362
GeoEye image, 361
Landsat TM images, 362
OA, 363
PA, 363
PML pixels, 362
preprocessing, 360, 361
statistics, 362
UA, 363
visual interpretation features, 356
Deep convolutional networks, 133
Deep learning, 96, 185
Deep neural network (DNN), 96, 135
DenseNets, 135
Density slicing, 326
Deterministic interpolation methods, 261
Digital elevation model (DEM), 235, 324, 325
Digital image processing
agricultural monitoring systems, 82
big data challenge, 89, 90
cloud-based, 87
definitions, 82, 83
fundamental steps, 83
hardware, 85, 86
image acquisition, 84
image compression, 84
image enhancement, 84
image representation, 85
image restoration, 84
image segmentation, 85
mobile devices, 86
origins, 82, 83
software, 86
Digital orthophotos, 245, 246
Digital signal processors (DSPs), 133
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), 180
Discrete wavelet transformation (DWT),
130, 180
Discriminative features, 365
Dodging, 246
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI), 75
E
Earth observation (EO), 44, 386
Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL), 51
Earth Observing System Data and Information
System (EOSDIS), 155
Earth System Data Records (ESDRs), 13
Efficiency management, 108
Energy balance-based models, 305
Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), 215
Enumerators, 266
ENVI Decision Tree tool, 362
ENVI software, 355
Environment Policy Integrated Climate Model
(EPIC), 32
Environmental Data Records (EDRs), 13
ENVISAT, 328
Index
409