192
Pesticides, Organic Contaminants, and Pathogens in Air
FIGURE 11.1
PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (µg/m 3 ), 2017 data. (Credit: Brauer, M. et al. (2017),
Global Burden of Disease Study. The World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.
ATM.PM25.MC.ZS accessed 03/16/2021, License: CC BY-4.0.)
receptor for entry to the cell (same as SARS-CoV). Symptoms in early cases
included fever, upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms, or diarrhea, or a
combination occurring 3–6 days after infection and the conditions were more
severe in older patients (>65 years old) (Chan et al., 2020).
As of January 26, 2020, 2,014 confrmed cases of COVID-19 had been reported
from China (1,985 cases), Thailand (5), Japan (3), the Republic of Korea (2),
Vietnam (2), Singapore (4), Australia (4), Malaysia (3), Nepal (1), the United
States (2), and France (3) (World Health Organization, 2020). According to
the latest report from WHO (at the time of this writing), more than 2.7 million new COVID-19 cases were reported in the previous week and more than
60,000 new deaths mostly from the Americas and Europe (World Health
Organization, 2021). The cases reported on March 9, 2021 were an increase in
2% compared to the week prior to that.
11.2.1 Treatments for COVID-19
As of March 16, 2021, there is no approved cure for COVID-19; however, promising leads are reported weekly, in Science and other outlets. The disease is
currently treated with physical interventions, including turning patients to
prone position and ventilation with ventilators, and pharmaceutical interventions with antivirals, immune system mimics, and immunomodulatory
drugs. Despite the unprecedented development of new vaccines (described
below), drugs are needed to treat patients while the world gets vaccinated.
Pesticides, Organic Contaminants, and Pathogens in Air
FIGURE 11.1
PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (µg/m 3 ), 2017 data. (Credit: Brauer, M. et al. (2017),
Global Burden of Disease Study. The World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.
ATM.PM25.MC.ZS accessed 03/16/2021, License: CC BY-4.0.)
receptor for entry to the cell (same as SARS-CoV). Symptoms in early cases
included fever, upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms, or diarrhea, or a
combination occurring 3–6 days after infection and the conditions were more
severe in older patients (>65 years old) (Chan et al., 2020).
As of January 26, 2020, 2,014 confrmed cases of COVID-19 had been reported
from China (1,985 cases), Thailand (5), Japan (3), the Republic of Korea (2),
Vietnam (2), Singapore (4), Australia (4), Malaysia (3), Nepal (1), the United
States (2), and France (3) (World Health Organization, 2020). According to
the latest report from WHO (at the time of this writing), more than 2.7 million new COVID-19 cases were reported in the previous week and more than
60,000 new deaths mostly from the Americas and Europe (World Health
Organization, 2021). The cases reported on March 9, 2021 were an increase in
2% compared to the week prior to that.
11.2.1 Treatments for COVID-19
As of March 16, 2021, there is no approved cure for COVID-19; however, promising leads are reported weekly, in Science and other outlets. The disease is
currently treated with physical interventions, including turning patients to
prone position and ventilation with ventilators, and pharmaceutical interventions with antivirals, immune system mimics, and immunomodulatory
drugs. Despite the unprecedented development of new vaccines (described
below), drugs are needed to treat patients while the world gets vaccinated.