7 Tropical Endophytic Bacillus Species …
161
Fig. 7.2 Endophytic
bacteria colonization.
Bacteria can colonize plants
entering roots cracks and
wounds, or hydrolyzing root
cells. Other pathways
include stomata, particularly
in young leaves and stems,
lenticels, and germinating
seeds
rhizospheric soil. The distinction between the rhizosphere population and endosymbionts of a host plant may represent a true continuum, with microbes able to move
between the soil, the rhizosphere, and inside the root (Farrar et al. 2014) (Fig. 7.2).
Indeed, several species of microorganisms use the nutrient niche in the rhizosphere
and change from a free-living condition to an endophytic state (Rosenblueth and
Martínez-Romero 2006). Bacterial endophytes that were injected into stems moved
to the roots and the rhizosphere, thereby confirming the existence of a continuous
shift in microbial community within the root microbiome (Gaiero et al. 2013).
A battery of different mechanisms that involve complex communication between
partners and include motility, adhesion, plant-cell wall degradation, and escape from
plant defences determines endophytic colonization. The highly competitive process,
involve only those bacteria that can occupy spaces or niche near the root and get
nutrients may succeed. The most common mode of entry of these bacteria into plant
tissues is through cracks in the primary and lateral roots (Agarwal and Shende 1987;
Liu et al. 2006; Sørensen and Sessitsch 2006; Sprent and de Faria 1998) (Fig. 7.2).
Root cracks allow plant metabolites to exudate, becoming sites that attract these
bacteria (Hallmann et al. 1997). Although, endophytic bacteria usually enter the
host plant from the roots, shoot, including stomata, particularly young leaves and
stems (Roos and Hattingh 1983), lenticels, which are usually present in the stem and
root periderm (Scott et al. 1996), flowers and cotyledons (Zinniel et al. 2002). Once
inside the plant, endophytic bacteria can systematically infect adjacent plant tissues
via xylem or phloem vessels.
161
Fig. 7.2 Endophytic
bacteria colonization.
Bacteria can colonize plants
entering roots cracks and
wounds, or hydrolyzing root
cells. Other pathways
include stomata, particularly
in young leaves and stems,
lenticels, and germinating
seeds
rhizospheric soil. The distinction between the rhizosphere population and endosymbionts of a host plant may represent a true continuum, with microbes able to move
between the soil, the rhizosphere, and inside the root (Farrar et al. 2014) (Fig. 7.2).
Indeed, several species of microorganisms use the nutrient niche in the rhizosphere
and change from a free-living condition to an endophytic state (Rosenblueth and
Martínez-Romero 2006). Bacterial endophytes that were injected into stems moved
to the roots and the rhizosphere, thereby confirming the existence of a continuous
shift in microbial community within the root microbiome (Gaiero et al. 2013).
A battery of different mechanisms that involve complex communication between
partners and include motility, adhesion, plant-cell wall degradation, and escape from
plant defences determines endophytic colonization. The highly competitive process,
involve only those bacteria that can occupy spaces or niche near the root and get
nutrients may succeed. The most common mode of entry of these bacteria into plant
tissues is through cracks in the primary and lateral roots (Agarwal and Shende 1987;
Liu et al. 2006; Sørensen and Sessitsch 2006; Sprent and de Faria 1998) (Fig. 7.2).
Root cracks allow plant metabolites to exudate, becoming sites that attract these
bacteria (Hallmann et al. 1997). Although, endophytic bacteria usually enter the
host plant from the roots, shoot, including stomata, particularly young leaves and
stems (Roos and Hattingh 1983), lenticels, which are usually present in the stem and
root periderm (Scott et al. 1996), flowers and cotyledons (Zinniel et al. 2002). Once
inside the plant, endophytic bacteria can systematically infect adjacent plant tissues
via xylem or phloem vessels.