6 Microbial Endophytes: New Direction to Natural Sources
131
and biological stresses, improving plant nitrogen utilization, and altering host development (Chow et al. 2019, Dupont et al. 2015). However, the underlying mechanisms
of interaction between endophyte BCA, host plant, and pathogen at the transcriptional
level remain largely unknown (Chow et al. 2019). Consequently, plant–endophyte
interaction involves complex and precise controlled interactions that balance host
defense, fungal virulence, and production of secondary metabolites (De Silva et al.
2019) (Table 6.4).
Table 6.4 Plant defense responses in relation to endophyte-pathogen and host plant
Endophyte kind of
endophyte
Biological effect
Results
References
Epichloe festucae
Activation of stress
induced protein kinases
Resistance against
stress
De Silva et al.
(2019)
Endophyte
Lytic and/or antibiotic
enzymes
Resistance against
stress and diseases
De Silva et al.
(2019)
Endophyte
Cell wall alteration,
production of proteins
associated with
pathogenesis (PR) and/or
specific resistance (ISR)
Balancing
inappropriate plant
conditions
De Silva et al.
(2019)
endophytic rhizobacteria
Changes in
plantphysiological
droughttolerance
mechanisms, up-regulation
of specific abiotic stress
responsivegenes
Resistance against
stress
Govindasamy
et al. (2020)
Trichoderma asperellum T1 Productionof volatile
antifungal compounds
Antifungal activity
against leaf spot
fungi C. cassiicola
and C. aeria,
inducing defense
response, and
promoting plant
growth
Wonglom et al.
(2020)
Colletotrichum tropicale
Inducing the expression of
hundreds of host
defense-related genes
Greater plant
immunity
Mejía et al.
(2014)
Arthrobacter agilis
UMCV2
Emission of
dimethylhexadecylamine,
a volatile compound that
induces plant iron uptake
mechanisms
Promoting plant
growth
Aviles-Garcia
et al. (2016)
Bacillus sp.TP1LA1B and
Pantoea sp. AP1SA1
Production of
phytohormones,
siderophores, and organic
acids
Improve plant
growth and overall
fitness
Purushotham
et al. (2020)
131
and biological stresses, improving plant nitrogen utilization, and altering host development (Chow et al. 2019, Dupont et al. 2015). However, the underlying mechanisms
of interaction between endophyte BCA, host plant, and pathogen at the transcriptional
level remain largely unknown (Chow et al. 2019). Consequently, plant–endophyte
interaction involves complex and precise controlled interactions that balance host
defense, fungal virulence, and production of secondary metabolites (De Silva et al.
2019) (Table 6.4).
Table 6.4 Plant defense responses in relation to endophyte-pathogen and host plant
Endophyte kind of
endophyte
Biological effect
Results
References
Epichloe festucae
Activation of stress
induced protein kinases
Resistance against
stress
De Silva et al.
(2019)
Endophyte
Lytic and/or antibiotic
enzymes
Resistance against
stress and diseases
De Silva et al.
(2019)
Endophyte
Cell wall alteration,
production of proteins
associated with
pathogenesis (PR) and/or
specific resistance (ISR)
Balancing
inappropriate plant
conditions
De Silva et al.
(2019)
endophytic rhizobacteria
Changes in
plantphysiological
droughttolerance
mechanisms, up-regulation
of specific abiotic stress
responsivegenes
Resistance against
stress
Govindasamy
et al. (2020)
Trichoderma asperellum T1 Productionof volatile
antifungal compounds
Antifungal activity
against leaf spot
fungi C. cassiicola
and C. aeria,
inducing defense
response, and
promoting plant
growth
Wonglom et al.
(2020)
Colletotrichum tropicale
Inducing the expression of
hundreds of host
defense-related genes
Greater plant
immunity
Mejía et al.
(2014)
Arthrobacter agilis
UMCV2
Emission of
dimethylhexadecylamine,
a volatile compound that
induces plant iron uptake
mechanisms
Promoting plant
growth
Aviles-Garcia
et al. (2016)
Bacillus sp.TP1LA1B and
Pantoea sp. AP1SA1
Production of
phytohormones,
siderophores, and organic
acids
Improve plant
growth and overall
fitness
Purushotham
et al. (2020)