analysis and processing data are highly variable and depend on
the equipment/software being used and the laboratory’s specific guidelines. Here, brief representative procedures focusing
on sample preparation are described.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the NSF (CAREER 1654408), NIH
(R15 AI117670), and the Camille & Henry Dreyfus Foundation
(Henry Dreyfus Teacher–Scholar Award TH-17-034).
References
1. Hoffmann C, Leis A, Niederweis M, Plitzko
JM, Engelhardt H (2008) Disclosure of the
mycobacterial outer membrane: cryo-electron
tomography and vitreous sections reveal the
lipid bilayer structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A 105:3963–3967
2. Zuber B, Chami M, Houssin C, Dubochet J,
Griffiths G, Daffe M (2008) Direct visualization of the outer membrane of mycobacteria
and corynebacteria in their native state. J Bacteriol 190:5672–5680
3. Marchand CH, Salmeron C, Bou Raad R,
Me ´niche X, Chami M, Masi M, Blanot D,
Daffe ´ M, Tropis M, Huc E, Le Mare ´chal P,
Decottignies P, Bayan N (2011) Biochemical
disclosure of the Mycolate outer membrane of
Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Bacteriol
194:587–597
4. Marrakchi H, Lane ´elle M-A, Daffe ´ M (2013)
Mycolic acids: structures, biosynthesis, and
beyond. Chem Biol 21:67–85
5. Huc E, Meniche X, Benz R, Bayan N, Ghazi A,
Tropis M (2010) Daffe ´ M. O-mycoloylated
proteins from Corynebacterium: an unprecedented post-translational modification in bacteria. J Biol Chem 285:21908–21912
6. Carel C, Marcoux J, Reat V, Parra J, Latge G,
Laval F, Damang P, Burlet-Schilt O, Milon A,
Daffe ´ M, Tropis GM, Renault MAM (2017)
Identification of specific post-translational
O-mycoloylations mediating protein targeting
to the mycomembrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A 114:4231–4236
7. Barry CE, Lee RE, Mdluli K, Sampson AE,
Schroeder BG, Slayden RA, Yuan Y (1998)
Mycolic acids: structure, biosynthesis and physiological
functions.
Prog
Lipid
Res
37:143–179
8. Burkovski A (2013) Cell envelope of corynebacteria: structure and influence on pathogenicity. ISRN Microbiol 2013:935736
9. Gavalda S, Bardou F, Laval F, Bon C,
Malaga W, Chalut C, Mourey L, Daffe ´ M,
Que ´mard A (2014) The polyketide synthase
Pks13 catalyzes a novel mechanism of lipid
transfer in mycobacteria. Chem Biol
21:1660–1669
10. Grzegorzewicz AE, Pham H, Gundi VAKB,
Scherman MS, North EJ, Hess T, Jones V,
Gruppo V, Born SE, Kordula ´kova ´ J, Chavadi
SS, Morisseau C, Lenaerts AJ, Lee RE, McNeil
MR, Jackson M (2012) Inhibition of mycolic
acid transport across the Mycobacterium tuberculosis plasma membrane. Nat Chem Biol
8:334–341
11. Sathyamoorthy N, Takayama K (1987) Purification and characterization of a novel mycolic
acid exchange enzyme from mycobacterium
smegmatis. J Biol Chem 262:13417–13423
12. Belisle JT, Vissa VD, Sievert T, Takayama K,
Brennan PJ, Besra GS (1997) Role of the major
antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cell
wall biogenesis. Science 276:1420–1422
13. Dautin
N,
de
Sousa-d’Auria
C,
Constantinesco-Becker
F,
Labarre
C,
Oberto J, de la Sierra-Gallay IL, Dietrich C,
Issa H, Houssin C, Bayan N (1861) Mycoloyl
transferases: a large and major family of
enzymes shaping the cell envelope of Corynebacteriales.
Biochim
Biophys
Acta
2016:3581–3592
14. O’Neill MK, Piligian BF, Olson CD, Woodruff
PJ, Swarts BM (2017) Tailoring trehalose for
biomedical and biotechnological applications.
Pure Appl Chem 89:1223–1249
15. Backus KM, Boshoff HI, Barry CS,
Boutureira O, Patel MK, D’Hooge F, Lee SS,
Via LE, Tahlan K, Barry CE, Davis BG (2011)
396
Nicholas Banahene and Benjamin M. Swarts
the equipment/software being used and the laboratory’s specific guidelines. Here, brief representative procedures focusing
on sample preparation are described.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the NSF (CAREER 1654408), NIH
(R15 AI117670), and the Camille & Henry Dreyfus Foundation
(Henry Dreyfus Teacher–Scholar Award TH-17-034).
References
1. Hoffmann C, Leis A, Niederweis M, Plitzko
JM, Engelhardt H (2008) Disclosure of the
mycobacterial outer membrane: cryo-electron
tomography and vitreous sections reveal the
lipid bilayer structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A 105:3963–3967
2. Zuber B, Chami M, Houssin C, Dubochet J,
Griffiths G, Daffe M (2008) Direct visualization of the outer membrane of mycobacteria
and corynebacteria in their native state. J Bacteriol 190:5672–5680
3. Marchand CH, Salmeron C, Bou Raad R,
Me ´niche X, Chami M, Masi M, Blanot D,
Daffe ´ M, Tropis M, Huc E, Le Mare ´chal P,
Decottignies P, Bayan N (2011) Biochemical
disclosure of the Mycolate outer membrane of
Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Bacteriol
194:587–597
4. Marrakchi H, Lane ´elle M-A, Daffe ´ M (2013)
Mycolic acids: structures, biosynthesis, and
beyond. Chem Biol 21:67–85
5. Huc E, Meniche X, Benz R, Bayan N, Ghazi A,
Tropis M (2010) Daffe ´ M. O-mycoloylated
proteins from Corynebacterium: an unprecedented post-translational modification in bacteria. J Biol Chem 285:21908–21912
6. Carel C, Marcoux J, Reat V, Parra J, Latge G,
Laval F, Damang P, Burlet-Schilt O, Milon A,
Daffe ´ M, Tropis GM, Renault MAM (2017)
Identification of specific post-translational
O-mycoloylations mediating protein targeting
to the mycomembrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A 114:4231–4236
7. Barry CE, Lee RE, Mdluli K, Sampson AE,
Schroeder BG, Slayden RA, Yuan Y (1998)
Mycolic acids: structure, biosynthesis and physiological
functions.
Prog
Lipid
Res
37:143–179
8. Burkovski A (2013) Cell envelope of corynebacteria: structure and influence on pathogenicity. ISRN Microbiol 2013:935736
9. Gavalda S, Bardou F, Laval F, Bon C,
Malaga W, Chalut C, Mourey L, Daffe ´ M,
Que ´mard A (2014) The polyketide synthase
Pks13 catalyzes a novel mechanism of lipid
transfer in mycobacteria. Chem Biol
21:1660–1669
10. Grzegorzewicz AE, Pham H, Gundi VAKB,
Scherman MS, North EJ, Hess T, Jones V,
Gruppo V, Born SE, Kordula ´kova ´ J, Chavadi
SS, Morisseau C, Lenaerts AJ, Lee RE, McNeil
MR, Jackson M (2012) Inhibition of mycolic
acid transport across the Mycobacterium tuberculosis plasma membrane. Nat Chem Biol
8:334–341
11. Sathyamoorthy N, Takayama K (1987) Purification and characterization of a novel mycolic
acid exchange enzyme from mycobacterium
smegmatis. J Biol Chem 262:13417–13423
12. Belisle JT, Vissa VD, Sievert T, Takayama K,
Brennan PJ, Besra GS (1997) Role of the major
antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cell
wall biogenesis. Science 276:1420–1422
13. Dautin
N,
de
Sousa-d’Auria
C,
Constantinesco-Becker
F,
Labarre
C,
Oberto J, de la Sierra-Gallay IL, Dietrich C,
Issa H, Houssin C, Bayan N (1861) Mycoloyl
transferases: a large and major family of
enzymes shaping the cell envelope of Corynebacteriales.
Biochim
Biophys
Acta
2016:3581–3592
14. O’Neill MK, Piligian BF, Olson CD, Woodruff
PJ, Swarts BM (2017) Tailoring trehalose for
biomedical and biotechnological applications.
Pure Appl Chem 89:1223–1249
15. Backus KM, Boshoff HI, Barry CS,
Boutureira O, Patel MK, D’Hooge F, Lee SS,
Via LE, Tahlan K, Barry CE, Davis BG (2011)
396
Nicholas Banahene and Benjamin M. Swarts