50
Phytotechnology with Biomass Production
times. The results showed that M. × giganteus could not develop in soil with a
concentration of DDT higher than 45× MPC limit of DDT and its metabolites,
while M. sinensis was able to develop in pesticide contaminated soil till 62×
MPC. The observation showed (Table 3.1) that M. × giganteus mainly accumulated the chlorinated pesticides in roots despite high pesticide concentration
in the soil. With increasing concentration of DDT and its metabolites in the
soil, the total uptake of 4,4’-DDE increased, uptake of 2,4’-DDD remained the
same, and uptake of DDT decreased. In the case of M. sinensis, 4,4’-DDE and
4,4’-DDT were mainly accumulated in roots while 2,4’-DDD appeared more in
aboveground biomass (Nurzhanova et al., 2017).
The phytoremediation potential of M. sinensis and the influence of two
amendments, Tween 20 and AC added to the process, was studied with aged
polluted soil from Kazakhstan (Mamirova et al., 2020). The soil contained
heavy metals and 24 chlorinated pesticides (DDT and metabolites, HCH and
isomers, endrin, keltan, aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, and others) in concentrations that exceeded the MPC by 10–100 times (Table 3.2). Results showed
that amendments changed M. sinensis physiological parameters. Specifically,
Tween 20 increased the plant height by 16.6%, while AC increased it only by
3.6%, yet it was statistically significant. The opposite tendency was detected
in the case of root dry mass. The addition of Tween 20 and AC decreased
the mass by 64% and 49.7%, respectively, while the aboveground biomass
increased by 6.6% in the presence of AC and decreased by 5% in the presence
of Tween 20.
Ten out of twenty-four chlorinated pesticides present in the soil were
found in Miscanthus biomass; however, only five translocated from roots to
aboveground plant parts. When soil was amended with Tween 20, the number of pesticides taken up was six, while when the soil was amended by AC
only four pesticides were taken up (Figure 3.1). Tween 20 increased the total
uptake of pesticides except for 2,4’-DDD where uptake decreased by 38.7%. AC
decreased the total uptake of pesticides by 46.6%–92.1% (Figure 3.1). The pesticides in plant tissues were distributed differently: γ-HCH and dieldrin mainly
accumulated in the aboveground biomass while α-HCH, β-HCH, aldrin, 2,4’DDD, and endrin accumulated in the roots. When plants were grown in contaminated soil without amendments, 4,4’-DDE and 4,4’-DDD were distributed
almost equally in different plant parts, while 4,4’-DDT mainly accumulated in
the leaves and stems. When contaminated soil was amended by Tween 20, the
effect changed: 4,4’-DDE was mainly accumulated in aboveground biomass;
4,4’-DDD and 4,4’-DDT in the roots. The presence of AC affected the phytostabilization potential of M. sinensis in relation to 4,4’-DDE, 4,4’-DDD, 4,4’-DDT,
i.e., they were mainly accumulated in the root system (Mamirova et al., 2020).
Calculation of the uptake index for ten chlorinated pesticides showed that
in soil contaminated by pesticides without or with amendments, M. sinensis
accumulated 4,4’-DDE more than 4,4’-DDT, followed by 4,4’-DDD which can
be explained by high concentration of 4,4’-DDE in the studied soils and its
bioavailability due to lower hydrophobicity level.
Phytotechnology with Biomass Production
times. The results showed that M. × giganteus could not develop in soil with a
concentration of DDT higher than 45× MPC limit of DDT and its metabolites,
while M. sinensis was able to develop in pesticide contaminated soil till 62×
MPC. The observation showed (Table 3.1) that M. × giganteus mainly accumulated the chlorinated pesticides in roots despite high pesticide concentration
in the soil. With increasing concentration of DDT and its metabolites in the
soil, the total uptake of 4,4’-DDE increased, uptake of 2,4’-DDD remained the
same, and uptake of DDT decreased. In the case of M. sinensis, 4,4’-DDE and
4,4’-DDT were mainly accumulated in roots while 2,4’-DDD appeared more in
aboveground biomass (Nurzhanova et al., 2017).
The phytoremediation potential of M. sinensis and the influence of two
amendments, Tween 20 and AC added to the process, was studied with aged
polluted soil from Kazakhstan (Mamirova et al., 2020). The soil contained
heavy metals and 24 chlorinated pesticides (DDT and metabolites, HCH and
isomers, endrin, keltan, aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, and others) in concentrations that exceeded the MPC by 10–100 times (Table 3.2). Results showed
that amendments changed M. sinensis physiological parameters. Specifically,
Tween 20 increased the plant height by 16.6%, while AC increased it only by
3.6%, yet it was statistically significant. The opposite tendency was detected
in the case of root dry mass. The addition of Tween 20 and AC decreased
the mass by 64% and 49.7%, respectively, while the aboveground biomass
increased by 6.6% in the presence of AC and decreased by 5% in the presence
of Tween 20.
Ten out of twenty-four chlorinated pesticides present in the soil were
found in Miscanthus biomass; however, only five translocated from roots to
aboveground plant parts. When soil was amended with Tween 20, the number of pesticides taken up was six, while when the soil was amended by AC
only four pesticides were taken up (Figure 3.1). Tween 20 increased the total
uptake of pesticides except for 2,4’-DDD where uptake decreased by 38.7%. AC
decreased the total uptake of pesticides by 46.6%–92.1% (Figure 3.1). The pesticides in plant tissues were distributed differently: γ-HCH and dieldrin mainly
accumulated in the aboveground biomass while α-HCH, β-HCH, aldrin, 2,4’DDD, and endrin accumulated in the roots. When plants were grown in contaminated soil without amendments, 4,4’-DDE and 4,4’-DDD were distributed
almost equally in different plant parts, while 4,4’-DDT mainly accumulated in
the leaves and stems. When contaminated soil was amended by Tween 20, the
effect changed: 4,4’-DDE was mainly accumulated in aboveground biomass;
4,4’-DDD and 4,4’-DDT in the roots. The presence of AC affected the phytostabilization potential of M. sinensis in relation to 4,4’-DDE, 4,4’-DDD, 4,4’-DDT,
i.e., they were mainly accumulated in the root system (Mamirova et al., 2020).
Calculation of the uptake index for ten chlorinated pesticides showed that
in soil contaminated by pesticides without or with amendments, M. sinensis
accumulated 4,4’-DDE more than 4,4’-DDT, followed by 4,4’-DDD which can
be explained by high concentration of 4,4’-DDE in the studied soils and its
bioavailability due to lower hydrophobicity level.