372
Trace Elements in Abiotic and Biotic Environments
TABLE 57.1
Lanthanides in Geosphere (mg/kg)
Element
Oxidation State a
Earth’s Crust
Igneous Rock
Sedimentary Rock
Lanthanum [La, 57]
+3
18.3
2–150
4–90
Cerium [Ce, 58]
+3, +4
60.0
4–250
3–90
Praseodymium [Pr, 59]
+3, +4
8.2
1–30
1–10
Neodymium [Nd, 60]
+2, +3, +5
28.0
2–80
5–48
Samarium [Sm, 62]
+2, +3
4.7
0.1–11
1–10
Europium [Eu, 63]
+2, +3
1.2
0.01–4
0.2–2
Gadolinium [Gd, 64]
+1, +2, +3
5.4
0.1–10
1.3–10
Terbium [Tb, 65]
+3, +4
0.6
0.1–2.5
0.3–2
Dysprosium [Dy, 66]
+2, +3, +4
4.0
0.05–8
0.8–7
Holmium [Ho, 67]
+3
1.0
0.1–2
0.05–2
Erbium [Er, 68]
+3
2.8
0.1–4.7
0.4–6
Thulium [Tm, 69]
+2, +3
0.5
0.1–0.7
0.2–0.7
Ytterbium [Yb, 70]
+2, +3
2.5
0.1–4.5
0.3–4.4
Lutetium [Lu, 71]
+3
0.4
0.1–1.2
0.003–1.2
a Valences in bold indicate the main oxidation states.
TABLE 57.2
Lanthanides in Soils (mg/kg)
Element
A
B
C
D
La
26.1
8.4–46.9
35.2
3.5–33.2
Ce
48.7
15.8–64.4
97.4
11–68
Pr
7.6
1.5–5.0
8.4
1.3–7.5
Nd
1.9
7.6–28.6
29.3
0.4–53
Sm
3.3
1.8–4.0
5.5
0.9–4.6
Eu
4.8
0.44–1.43
0.8
0.22–0.83
Gd
1.23
1.77–4.54
3.4
1.0
Tb
6.03
0.27–0.92
0.6
0.15–0.65
Dy
0.71
0.68–4.68
2.9
0.9–3.74
Ho
1.08
0.36–0.95
0.5
0.2–0.74
Er
1.58
1.1–2.72
1.4
0.63–2.2
Tm
0.46
0.16–0.4
0.2
0.09–0.33
Yb
2.06
1.11–2.64
1.1
0.6–2.3
Lu
0.34
0.16–0.4
0.2
0.09–0.34
A: Mean contents, data compiled by Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1999) for various soils, mainly of Europe.
B: Range of means for 77 soils of Japan. Yoshida, S. et al., Environ. Int., 24, 275–286, 1998.
C: Mean for 27 soils of China. Zhu, J. et  al., Fourth International Conference Biogeochemistry Trace
Elements. Abstract. Berkeley, CA, 1997.
D: Range for 30 forest soils of Sweden. Tyler, G., Plant Soil, 267, 191–206, 2004.