TABLe 3.1
Summary.of.BNC.Generation.Processes
Type of
Cultivation
Type of
Agitation
Form of BNC
Type of
Bioreactor
Examples
Agitated
Static
Nonstatic
Stirring,.
shaking,.or.
air.bubbling
Stirring.and.
support
Pulp,.pellets,.
spherelike.or.
fibrous.
(diameter <10.mm).
Irregular.masses.
(diameter.>10.mm)
Flat
Pellicles.
 
(diameter >10.mm)
Three-dimensional.
bioprintings
Fibrous
Tubes
Flat
Batch
Fed.batch
Continuous
Batch
Batch
Fed.batch
Fed.batch
Fed.batch
Batch
Batch
(Semi)
continuous
Chao.et.al..1997;.Choi.
et.al..2009;.Jung.et.al..
2005;.Lee.and.Zhao.
1999;.Son.et.al..2003;.
Song.et.al..2009; .
Vandamme.et.al..1998
Bae.and.Shoda.2004
Naritomi.et.al..1998
Cheng.et.al..2009
Farah.et.al..2006;.
Ishihara . et.al..2002;.
Jonas.and.Farah.1998;.
Levy.et.al..2004;.
Onodera.et.al..2002;.
Parvulescu.et.al..2008
Weuster-Botz.et.al..2011
Krystynowicz . et.al..
2002;.Shezad.et.al..2009
Gatenholm.et.al..2011
Sakairi.et.al..1998;.
Tokura.et.al..1998
Ciechanska.et.al..2010;.
Hessler.and.Klemm.
2008
Kralisch.et.al..2010b
Large-Scale Production of BNC
45
or. foils,. thin. pellicles,. spheres,. fibrous. aggregates,. tubes,. or. even. irregular.
masses.such.as.pulp)..Up.to.now,.flat.BNC.materials.have.gained.commercial.
importance.due.to.simple.nontechnical.access.by.static.cultivation.in.diverse.
vessels.(e.g.,.nata.de.coco.generation.in.plain.plastic.reservoirs;.see.Chapter.10).
and.due.to.the.great.application.potential.of.BNC.fleeces.and.foils.in.medical.
(e.g.,.as.a.wound.dressing).(Czaja.et.al..2004a;.Legeza.et.al..2004).and.technical.applications.(e.g.,.as.filter.material.or.membranes).(Sokolnicki.et.al..2006).
Flat.BNC.is.usually.produced.by.conventional.static.cultivation.or.in.thin.
layer. cultivation. on. solid. phases. such. as. agar. (Brown. et. al.. 1992),. silicone.
rubber. .(Onodera.et.al..2002),.or.on.different.porous.membranes.(Putra.et.al..
2008).. On. these. supports,. the. BNC. can. be. accumulated. on. the. interface. of.
the.air.and.culture.medium..The.resulting.fleeces.or.foils.are.typically.characterized.by.a.homogeneous,.three-dimensional.(3D).network.of.nanofibers.
and.a.uniform.surface..The.properties.of.the.resulting.BNC.can.be.controlled.