Bacterial Nanocellulose as a Structured Platform for Conductive Biopolymers 245
The. second. categorical. method,. the. two-step. technique,. involves. the. in.
situ.(aniline.or.pyrrole).oxidative.polymerization.on.an.insulating.polymer.
nanofiber. surface. previously. obtained. by. electrospinning.. Lui. et. al.. (2008).
demonstrated. that. nanofibrous. polypyrrole/poly(styrene-β-isobutylene-βstyrene).(PPy/SIS).scaffold.is.an.excellent.template.for.PC12.cell.attachment.
and.growth..In.that.study,.SIS.was.first.blended.with.iron.III.p-toluene.sulfonate. in. tetrahidrofuran. and. subsequently. electrospun. onto. gold-coated.
Mylar.in.a.sealed.box.filled.with.pyrrole.vapors.that.were.in.situ.(surface).
polymerized.on.the.SIS.fibrous.membrane..Polypyrrole-coated.electrospun.
poly(lactic-coglycolic.acid).(PLGA).obtained.through.in.situ.pyrrole.oxidative.polymerization.on.electrospun.PLGA.nanofibers.displayed.an.electrical.
onstrated.comparable.growth.and.differentiation.of.PC12.cells.and.hippocampal.neurons.to.PLGA.scaffolds.without.PPy..The.electrical.stimulation.
of.PC12.cells.on.PPy-PLGA.scaffold.improved.neurite.outgrowth.when.compared.with.nonstimulated.cells.(Lee.et.al..2009)..Zhang.et.al..(2007).produced.
poly(D,L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone). (PDLLA/CL). coated. with. polypyrrole.
through.in.situ.pyrrole.oxidative.polymerization.on.PDLLA/CL.nanofibrous.
blends.. Their. studies. showed. that. electrical. stimulation. applied. through.
the.conductive.polymer.scaffolds.enhanced.neurite.outgrowth.in.a.currentdependent. fashion.. It. was. also. demonstrated. that. PPy-coated. PDLLA/CL.
scaffolds.can.support.the.proliferation.and.differentiation.of.PC12.cells.into.
neuronal. phenotypes. and. sciatic. nerve. regeneration. in. rats. (Zhang. et. al..
2007).. Core-sheath. nanofibers. with. polypyrrole. as. the. sheath. and. PCL. or.
poly(L-lactide).(PLLA).as.the.core.were.prepared.through.in.situ.polymerization.of.pyrrole.on.electrospun.PCL.or.PLLA.nanofibers..In.this.study,.Xie.
et.al..(2009).observed.that.electrical.stimulation.increases.the.rate.of.neurite.
extension.in.either.random.or.aligned.conductive.nanofibers..Other.works.
have.also.applied.electrical.stimulation.to.different.cells.types.through.conductive. nanofibrous. scaffolds. based. on. polyaniline. or. polypyrrole. blends.
prepared.by.the.direct.or.two-step.electrospinning.process..Similarly.these.
studies.revealed.significant.enhanced.cell.attachment.and.proliferation.on.
the. conductive. polymer. nanofibrous. templates. (Ghasemi-Mobarakeh. et. al..
2011;.Jeong.et.al..2008).
Conductive BNC
A.literature.overview.shows.that.conductive.paper.materials,.where.cellulose.
fibers.are.encapsulated.with.the.conducting.polymer,.have.been.proposed.
as. promising. materials. for. several. high-tech. applications. (electromagnetic.
interference. shielding. material,. sensing. elements,. heating. elements,. and.
packaging.of.electronic.components.and.equipment).(Kelly.et.al..2007).given.
The. second. categorical. method,. the. two-step. technique,. involves. the. in.
situ.(aniline.or.pyrrole).oxidative.polymerization.on.an.insulating.polymer.
nanofiber. surface. previously. obtained. by. electrospinning.. Lui. et. al.. (2008).
demonstrated. that. nanofibrous. polypyrrole/poly(styrene-β-isobutylene-βstyrene).(PPy/SIS).scaffold.is.an.excellent.template.for.PC12.cell.attachment.
and.growth..In.that.study,.SIS.was.first.blended.with.iron.III.p-toluene.sulfonate. in. tetrahidrofuran. and. subsequently. electrospun. onto. gold-coated.
Mylar.in.a.sealed.box.filled.with.pyrrole.vapors.that.were.in.situ.(surface).
polymerized.on.the.SIS.fibrous.membrane..Polypyrrole-coated.electrospun.
poly(lactic-coglycolic.acid).(PLGA).obtained.through.in.situ.pyrrole.oxidative.polymerization.on.electrospun.PLGA.nanofibers.displayed.an.electrical.
onstrated.comparable.growth.and.differentiation.of.PC12.cells.and.hippocampal.neurons.to.PLGA.scaffolds.without.PPy..The.electrical.stimulation.
of.PC12.cells.on.PPy-PLGA.scaffold.improved.neurite.outgrowth.when.compared.with.nonstimulated.cells.(Lee.et.al..2009)..Zhang.et.al..(2007).produced.
poly(D,L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone). (PDLLA/CL). coated. with. polypyrrole.
through.in.situ.pyrrole.oxidative.polymerization.on.PDLLA/CL.nanofibrous.
blends.. Their. studies. showed. that. electrical. stimulation. applied. through.
the.conductive.polymer.scaffolds.enhanced.neurite.outgrowth.in.a.currentdependent. fashion.. It. was. also. demonstrated. that. PPy-coated. PDLLA/CL.
scaffolds.can.support.the.proliferation.and.differentiation.of.PC12.cells.into.
neuronal. phenotypes. and. sciatic. nerve. regeneration. in. rats. (Zhang. et. al..
2007).. Core-sheath. nanofibers. with. polypyrrole. as. the. sheath. and. PCL. or.
poly(L-lactide).(PLLA).as.the.core.were.prepared.through.in.situ.polymerization.of.pyrrole.on.electrospun.PCL.or.PLLA.nanofibers..In.this.study,.Xie.
et.al..(2009).observed.that.electrical.stimulation.increases.the.rate.of.neurite.
extension.in.either.random.or.aligned.conductive.nanofibers..Other.works.
have.also.applied.electrical.stimulation.to.different.cells.types.through.conductive. nanofibrous. scaffolds. based. on. polyaniline. or. polypyrrole. blends.
prepared.by.the.direct.or.two-step.electrospinning.process..Similarly.these.
studies.revealed.significant.enhanced.cell.attachment.and.proliferation.on.
the. conductive. polymer. nanofibrous. templates. (Ghasemi-Mobarakeh. et. al..
2011;.Jeong.et.al..2008).
Conductive BNC
A.literature.overview.shows.that.conductive.paper.materials,.where.cellulose.
fibers.are.encapsulated.with.the.conducting.polymer,.have.been.proposed.
as. promising. materials. for. several. high-tech. applications. (electromagnetic.
interference. shielding. material,. sensing. elements,. heating. elements,. and.
packaging.of.electronic.components.and.equipment).(Kelly.et.al..2007).given.