Figure 7.3
 
 
148
Bacterial Cellulose
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 7.3
(See color insert.).Nata.de.coco.products:.(a).harvested.nata.de.coco.sheet,.(b).nata.de.coco.products.packed.in.a.plastic.bag.and.a.can,.and.(c).nata.de.coco.in.low-calorie.desserts.and.fruit.salads.
water-soluble.poly. saccharides.such.as.agar.into.the.culture.media.(Sangok.
et. al.. 2004),. or. the. use. of. . konjac. . powder. as. a. carbon. source. (Feng. and.
Kaiyan. 2008).. Maple. syrup. was. reported. as. an. alternative. carbon. source.
for.BNC.production..Maple.syrup.contains.67%.(w/w).total.sugar,.and.89%.
of.the.sugar.content.is.sucrose..In.a.study.that.used.shake.flask.culture,.the.
BNC.production.rate.of.maple.syrup.was.comparable.to.that.of.using.pure.
fructose.as.the.carbon.source.(Zeng.et.al. 2011).
The. major. waste. from. nata. de. coco. production. is. liquid. waste. from. the.
fermentation. and. cleaning. processes.. This. liquid. waste. (pH. ranging. from.
4.0. to. 5.9). contains. high. concentrations. of. acetic. acid. (Green. Productivity.
. Demonstration. Program. 2003),. thus. direct. discharges. of. the. wastewater.
into. soil. could. lead. to. soil. acidification.. Therefore. proper. management. of.
the.wastewater.is.required..In.some.areas.of.Indonesia.the.waste.treatment.
process.is.carried.out.in.a.simple.way.by.making.a.collection.chamber.in.the.
ground.and.storing.this.wastewater.for.a.period.of.time;.later.the.waste.can.
be.used.on.coconut.plantations.