Figure 6.8
127
Nematic Ordered Cellulose Templates
50
0
B
B
B
B
(c)
(b)
(a)
50
[nm]
0
B
A
A
A
A
A
50
[nm]
0
1 µm
1 µm
1 µm
B
A
[nm]
0
7.5
0
7.5
0
7.5
[µm]
[µm]
[µm]
Figure 6.8
AFM.images.of.(a).NOC.template,.(b).p-NOC.template,.and.(c).nonordered.cellulose.template.
as.a.reference.for.the.p-NOC.before.the.reaction.with.calcium.cations..Insets.in.the.upper.right.
indicate.the.FFT.images..The.cross-section.profiles.along.the.perpendicular.(A–B).are.shown.
in. the. bottom. of. each. figure.. In. (a. and. b),. the. average. distances. between. two. parallel. lines.
were.(a).approximately.0.17.μm.and.(b).approximately.0.14.μm..The.double.arrows.indicate.the.
stretching.direction.
before.being.vacuum.dried.at.25°C.for.more.than.48.h..The.AFM.images.of.the.
p-NOC.surface.containing.phosphate.anions.together.with.the.original.NOC.
substrate.are.shown.in.Figure 6.8..As.a.reference,.a.nonordered.cellulose.template.containing.phosphate.anions.is.also.added.(Higashi.and.Kondo.2012).
In.a.comparison.of.the.images.in.Figures 6.8a.and.6.8b,.the.AFM.images.
of. the. height. mode. demonstrate. that. p-NOC. containing. phosphate. anions.
possesses.a.well-ordered.surface.morphology.along.the.stretching.direction,.
similar.to.the.original.NOC.substrate..Furthermore,.the.polarized.distribution.of.spots.in.the.two-dimensional.fast.Fourier.transform.(2D-FFT).image.
in.Figure 6.8b.confirms.a.high.degree.of.uniaxial.orientation.on.the.surface.
of. p-NOC.. The. average. line. width. was. calculated. from. the. cross-section.
a . nalyses. of. the. height. along. the. A–B. line. perpendicular. to. the. stretching.
direction.(see.the.bottom.figures.in.Figure 6.8)..The.average.distance.between.
two.parallel.cellulose.chains.was.0.14.±.0.03.μm.in.the.p-NOC.template.. surface.
(Figure 6.8b)..The.line.width.was.similar.to.that.of.the.original.NOC.template,.
0.17.±.0.06.μm,.as.shown.in.Figure 6.8a,.indicating.that.a.physical.association.of.cellulose.chains.is.not.interfered.even.if.phosphate.anions.existed.in.
the.p-NOC.template..In.addition,.the.negatively.polarized.surface.due.to.the.
tracks.of.OH.groups.along.the.molecular.. orientation.is.supposed.to.appear.
to.some.extent.on.the.surface.of.the.. original.NOC.(Kondo.2007;.Kondo.et.al..
2001,.2002)..Thus,.if.phosphate.anions.are.contained.in.NOC.templates,.then.
they. are. likely. to. be. immobilized. on. the. glucose. planes. only. between. the.
OH. tracks. in. the. surface. that. are. negatively. charged. (see Figure 6.9).. This.
means.that.anions.with.negative.charges.could.be.introduced.as.the.second.
minus.charge.into.an.initially.negatively.charged.film.surface..Accordingly,.
127
Nematic Ordered Cellulose Templates
50
0
B
B
B
B
(c)
(b)
(a)
50
[nm]
0
B
A
A
A
A
A
50
[nm]
0
1 µm
1 µm
1 µm
B
A
[nm]
0
7.5
0
7.5
0
7.5
[µm]
[µm]
[µm]
Figure 6.8
AFM.images.of.(a).NOC.template,.(b).p-NOC.template,.and.(c).nonordered.cellulose.template.
as.a.reference.for.the.p-NOC.before.the.reaction.with.calcium.cations..Insets.in.the.upper.right.
indicate.the.FFT.images..The.cross-section.profiles.along.the.perpendicular.(A–B).are.shown.
in. the. bottom. of. each. figure.. In. (a. and. b),. the. average. distances. between. two. parallel. lines.
were.(a).approximately.0.17.μm.and.(b).approximately.0.14.μm..The.double.arrows.indicate.the.
stretching.direction.
before.being.vacuum.dried.at.25°C.for.more.than.48.h..The.AFM.images.of.the.
p-NOC.surface.containing.phosphate.anions.together.with.the.original.NOC.
substrate.are.shown.in.Figure 6.8..As.a.reference,.a.nonordered.cellulose.template.containing.phosphate.anions.is.also.added.(Higashi.and.Kondo.2012).
In.a.comparison.of.the.images.in.Figures 6.8a.and.6.8b,.the.AFM.images.
of. the. height. mode. demonstrate. that. p-NOC. containing. phosphate. anions.
possesses.a.well-ordered.surface.morphology.along.the.stretching.direction,.
similar.to.the.original.NOC.substrate..Furthermore,.the.polarized.distribution.of.spots.in.the.two-dimensional.fast.Fourier.transform.(2D-FFT).image.
in.Figure 6.8b.confirms.a.high.degree.of.uniaxial.orientation.on.the.surface.
of. p-NOC.. The. average. line. width. was. calculated. from. the. cross-section.
a . nalyses. of. the. height. along. the. A–B. line. perpendicular. to. the. stretching.
direction.(see.the.bottom.figures.in.Figure 6.8)..The.average.distance.between.
two.parallel.cellulose.chains.was.0.14.±.0.03.μm.in.the.p-NOC.template.. surface.
(Figure 6.8b)..The.line.width.was.similar.to.that.of.the.original.NOC.template,.
0.17.±.0.06.μm,.as.shown.in.Figure 6.8a,.indicating.that.a.physical.association.of.cellulose.chains.is.not.interfered.even.if.phosphate.anions.existed.in.
the.p-NOC.template..In.addition,.the.negatively.polarized.surface.due.to.the.
tracks.of.OH.groups.along.the.molecular.. orientation.is.supposed.to.appear.
to.some.extent.on.the.surface.of.the.. original.NOC.(Kondo.2007;.Kondo.et.al..
2001,.2002)..Thus,.if.phosphate.anions.are.contained.in.NOC.templates,.then.
they. are. likely. to. be. immobilized. on. the. glucose. planes. only. between. the.
OH. tracks. in. the. surface. that. are. negatively. charged. (see Figure 6.9).. This.
means.that.anions.with.negative.charges.could.be.introduced.as.the.second.
minus.charge.into.an.initially.negatively.charged.film.surface..Accordingly,.