288
Xenopus
and the European Xenopus resource center. Genesis 50:
155–163.
Podgorski K., Dunfeld D., Haas K. 2012. Functional clustering
drives encoding improvement in a developing brain network
during awake visual learning. PLoS Biol 10:e1001236.
Pratt K.G. 2021. Electrophysiological approaches to studying normal and abnormal retinotectal circuit development in the
Xenopus tadpole. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2021(2):pdb.
prot106898.
Pratt K.G., Aizenman C.D. 2007. Homeostatic regulation of intrinsic excitability and synaptic transmission in a developing
visual circuit. J Neurosci 27:8268–8277.
Pratt K.G., Khakhalin A.S. 2013. Modeling human neurodevelopmental disorders in the Xenopus tadpole: From mechanisms
to therapeutic targets. Dis Model Mech 6:1057–1065.
Raichle M.E. 2015. The brain’s default mode network. Annu Rev
Neurosci 8:433–447.
Rubin M.A. 1936. Adaptation of cutaneous tactile receptors: IV.
Electrolyte content of frog skin. J Gen Physiol 19:935–937.
Ruthazer E.S., Cline H.T. 2004. Insights into activity-dependent
map formation from the retinotectal system: A middle-ofthe-brain perspective. J Neurobiol 59:134–146.
Santos R.A., Fuertes A.J.C., Short G., Donohue K.C., Shao H.,
Quintanilla J., Malakzadeh P., Cohen-Cory S. 2018. DSCAM
differentially modulates pre- and postsynaptic structural and
functional central connectivity during visual system wiring.
Neural Dev 13:22.
Shelton P.M.J. 1970. The lateral line system at metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis (Daudin). J Embryol Exp Morphol
24:511–524.
Sillar K.T., Simmers A.J., Wedderburn J.F. 1992. The post-embryonic development of cell properties and synaptic drive underlying locomotor rhythm generation in Xenopus larvae. Proc
Roy Soc Lond 249:65–70.
Soupiadou P., Gordy C., Forsthofer M., Sanchez-Gonzalez R.,
Straka H. 2020. Acute consequences of a unilateral VIIIth
nerve transection on vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic ref exes
in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. J Neurol 267(Suppl 1):62–75.
Sperry R.W. 1944. Optic nerve regeneration with return of vision in
anurans. J Neurophysiol 7:57–69.
Sperry R.W. 1956. The eye and the brain. Scientif c American
194:48–53.
Straka H., Baker R., Gilland E. 2001. Rhombomeric organization of vestibular pathways in larval frogs. J Comp Neurol
437:42–55.
Straka H., Dieringer N. 1993. Electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of vestibular inputs to identif ed frog
abducens motoneurons and internuclear neurons in vitro. Eur
J Neurosci 5:251–260.
Straka H., Simmers J. 2012. Xenopus laevis: An ideal experimental model for studying the developmental dynamics of neural
assembly and sensory motor computations. Dev Neurobiol
72:649–663.
Stuart S.N., Chanson J.S., Cox N.A., Young B.E., Rodrigues
A.S., Fischman D.L., Waller R.W. 2004. Status and trends
of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science.
306:1783–1786.
Tandon P., Conlon F., Furlow J.D., Horb M.E. 2017. Expanding the
genetic toolkit in Xenopus: Approaches and opportunities for
human disease modeling. Dev Biol 426:325–335.
ten Donkelaar H.J., de Boer-van Huizen R., Schouten F.T.M.,
Eggen S.J.H. 1981. Cells of origin of descending pathways to the spinal cord in the clawed toad ( Xenopus laevis).
Neuroscience 6:2297–2312.
ten Donkelaar H.J., de Boer-van Huizen R., van der Linden
J.A.M. 1991. Early development of rubrospinal and cerebellorubral projections in Xenopus laevis. Dev Brain Res
58:297–300.
Tosa Y., Tsukano K., Itoyama T., Fukagawa M., Nii Y., Ishikawa R.,
Suzuki K.T., Fukui M., Kawaguchi M., Murakami Y. 2015.
Involvement of Slit-Robo signaling in the development of the
posterior commissure and concomitant swimming behavior
in Xenopus laevis. Zoological Lett 1:28.
Tresch M.C., Saltiel P., Bizzi E. 1999. The construction of movement by the spinal cord. Nat Neurosci 2:162–167.
van der Linden J.A.M., ten Donkelaar H.J.T, de Boer-van Huizen
R. 1990. Development of olivocerebellar fbers in the clawed
toad, Xenopus laevis: A light and electron microscopical
HRP study. J Comp Neurol 293:236–252.
Viczian A.S., Zuber M.E. 2014. A simple behavioral assay for testing visual function in Xenopus laevis. J Vis Exp 88:51726.
von Uckermann G., Lambert F.M., Combes D., Straka H., Simmers
J. 2016. Adaptive plasticity of spino-extraocular motor coupling during locomotion in metamorphosing Xenopus laevis.
J Exp Biol 219:1110–1121.
Willsey H.R., Exner C.R.T., Xu Y., Everitt A., Sun N., Wang B.,
Dea J., Schmunk G., Zaltsman Y., Teerikorpi N., Kim A.,
Anderson A.S., Shin D., Seyler M., Nowakowski T.J.,
Harland R.M., Willsey A.J., State M.W. 2021. Parallel in
vivo analysis of large-effect autism genes implicates cortical neurogenesis and estrogen in risk and resilience. Neuron
109:788–804.
Willsey H.R., Xu Y., Everitt A., Dea J., Exner C.R.T., Willsey A.J.,
State M.W., Harland R.M. 2020. The neurodevelopmental disorder risk gene DYRK1A is required for ciliogenesis
and control of brain size in Xenopus embryos. Development
147:dev189290.
Winklbauer R. 1989. Development of the lateral line system in
Xenopus. Prog Neurobiol 32:181–206.
Zarei K., Elliott K.L., Zarei S., Fritzsch B., Buchholz J.H.J. 2017.
A method for detailed movement pattern analysis of tadpole
startle response. J Exp Anal Behav 108:113–124.
Xenopus
and the European Xenopus resource center. Genesis 50:
155–163.
Podgorski K., Dunfeld D., Haas K. 2012. Functional clustering
drives encoding improvement in a developing brain network
during awake visual learning. PLoS Biol 10:e1001236.
Pratt K.G. 2021. Electrophysiological approaches to studying normal and abnormal retinotectal circuit development in the
Xenopus tadpole. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2021(2):pdb.
prot106898.
Pratt K.G., Aizenman C.D. 2007. Homeostatic regulation of intrinsic excitability and synaptic transmission in a developing
visual circuit. J Neurosci 27:8268–8277.
Pratt K.G., Khakhalin A.S. 2013. Modeling human neurodevelopmental disorders in the Xenopus tadpole: From mechanisms
to therapeutic targets. Dis Model Mech 6:1057–1065.
Raichle M.E. 2015. The brain’s default mode network. Annu Rev
Neurosci 8:433–447.
Rubin M.A. 1936. Adaptation of cutaneous tactile receptors: IV.
Electrolyte content of frog skin. J Gen Physiol 19:935–937.
Ruthazer E.S., Cline H.T. 2004. Insights into activity-dependent
map formation from the retinotectal system: A middle-ofthe-brain perspective. J Neurobiol 59:134–146.
Santos R.A., Fuertes A.J.C., Short G., Donohue K.C., Shao H.,
Quintanilla J., Malakzadeh P., Cohen-Cory S. 2018. DSCAM
differentially modulates pre- and postsynaptic structural and
functional central connectivity during visual system wiring.
Neural Dev 13:22.
Shelton P.M.J. 1970. The lateral line system at metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis (Daudin). J Embryol Exp Morphol
24:511–524.
Sillar K.T., Simmers A.J., Wedderburn J.F. 1992. The post-embryonic development of cell properties and synaptic drive underlying locomotor rhythm generation in Xenopus larvae. Proc
Roy Soc Lond 249:65–70.
Soupiadou P., Gordy C., Forsthofer M., Sanchez-Gonzalez R.,
Straka H. 2020. Acute consequences of a unilateral VIIIth
nerve transection on vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic ref exes
in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. J Neurol 267(Suppl 1):62–75.
Sperry R.W. 1944. Optic nerve regeneration with return of vision in
anurans. J Neurophysiol 7:57–69.
Sperry R.W. 1956. The eye and the brain. Scientif c American
194:48–53.
Straka H., Baker R., Gilland E. 2001. Rhombomeric organization of vestibular pathways in larval frogs. J Comp Neurol
437:42–55.
Straka H., Dieringer N. 1993. Electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of vestibular inputs to identif ed frog
abducens motoneurons and internuclear neurons in vitro. Eur
J Neurosci 5:251–260.
Straka H., Simmers J. 2012. Xenopus laevis: An ideal experimental model for studying the developmental dynamics of neural
assembly and sensory motor computations. Dev Neurobiol
72:649–663.
Stuart S.N., Chanson J.S., Cox N.A., Young B.E., Rodrigues
A.S., Fischman D.L., Waller R.W. 2004. Status and trends
of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science.
306:1783–1786.
Tandon P., Conlon F., Furlow J.D., Horb M.E. 2017. Expanding the
genetic toolkit in Xenopus: Approaches and opportunities for
human disease modeling. Dev Biol 426:325–335.
ten Donkelaar H.J., de Boer-van Huizen R., Schouten F.T.M.,
Eggen S.J.H. 1981. Cells of origin of descending pathways to the spinal cord in the clawed toad ( Xenopus laevis).
Neuroscience 6:2297–2312.
ten Donkelaar H.J., de Boer-van Huizen R., van der Linden
J.A.M. 1991. Early development of rubrospinal and cerebellorubral projections in Xenopus laevis. Dev Brain Res
58:297–300.
Tosa Y., Tsukano K., Itoyama T., Fukagawa M., Nii Y., Ishikawa R.,
Suzuki K.T., Fukui M., Kawaguchi M., Murakami Y. 2015.
Involvement of Slit-Robo signaling in the development of the
posterior commissure and concomitant swimming behavior
in Xenopus laevis. Zoological Lett 1:28.
Tresch M.C., Saltiel P., Bizzi E. 1999. The construction of movement by the spinal cord. Nat Neurosci 2:162–167.
van der Linden J.A.M., ten Donkelaar H.J.T, de Boer-van Huizen
R. 1990. Development of olivocerebellar fbers in the clawed
toad, Xenopus laevis: A light and electron microscopical
HRP study. J Comp Neurol 293:236–252.
Viczian A.S., Zuber M.E. 2014. A simple behavioral assay for testing visual function in Xenopus laevis. J Vis Exp 88:51726.
von Uckermann G., Lambert F.M., Combes D., Straka H., Simmers
J. 2016. Adaptive plasticity of spino-extraocular motor coupling during locomotion in metamorphosing Xenopus laevis.
J Exp Biol 219:1110–1121.
Willsey H.R., Exner C.R.T., Xu Y., Everitt A., Sun N., Wang B.,
Dea J., Schmunk G., Zaltsman Y., Teerikorpi N., Kim A.,
Anderson A.S., Shin D., Seyler M., Nowakowski T.J.,
Harland R.M., Willsey A.J., State M.W. 2021. Parallel in
vivo analysis of large-effect autism genes implicates cortical neurogenesis and estrogen in risk and resilience. Neuron
109:788–804.
Willsey H.R., Xu Y., Everitt A., Dea J., Exner C.R.T., Willsey A.J.,
State M.W., Harland R.M. 2020. The neurodevelopmental disorder risk gene DYRK1A is required for ciliogenesis
and control of brain size in Xenopus embryos. Development
147:dev189290.
Winklbauer R. 1989. Development of the lateral line system in
Xenopus. Prog Neurobiol 32:181–206.
Zarei K., Elliott K.L., Zarei S., Fritzsch B., Buchholz J.H.J. 2017.
A method for detailed movement pattern analysis of tadpole
startle response. J Exp Anal Behav 108:113–124.