148
Xenopus
this method extends the applications of Xenopus oocytes as
an expression system for approaching many channelopathies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Work supported by grants from CONACYT (A1S7659) and
PAPIIT-DGAPA-UNAM IN204520 to AMT. EPJ is supported by a fellowship from CONACYT (446622) and is a
student of Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias BiomédicasUNAM. Jessica González Norris kindly edited the English
version of the manuscript.
REFERENCES
Amin, J., I. M. Dickerson, and D. S. Weiss. 1994. The agonist binding site of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A channel is
not formed by the extracellular cysteine loop. Molecular
Pharmacology 45:317–323.
Antzelevitch, C., A. Wilde, L. Eckardt, M. Hiraoka, and D. Corrado.
2007. Diagnostic and genetic aspects of the Brugada and other
inherited arrhythmias syndromes. Journal Electrocardiology
40:S11–S14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2006.10.
019.
Arellano, R. O., R. M. Woodward, and R. Miledi. 1995. A monovalent
cationic conductance that is blocked by extracellular divalent
cations in Xenopus oocytes. Journal of Physiology 484:593–
604. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020689 .
Arellano, R. O., R. M. Woodward, and R. Miledi. 1996. Ion channels and membrane receptors in follicle-enclosed Xenopus
oocytes. Ion Channels, ed. Toshio Narahashi, 203–259.
Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-14899-1775-1_6.
Barnard, E. A., R. Miledi, and K. Sumikawa. 1982. Translation
of exogenous messenger RNA coding for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors produces functional receptors in Xenopus
oocytes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series
B, Biological Sciences 215:241–246. https://doi.org/10.1098/
rspb.1982.0040.
Bertrand, D., M. Ballivet, and D. Rungger. 1990. Activation and
blocking of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor reconstituted in Xenopus oocytes. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 87:1993–1997. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.87.5.1993 .
Bettler, B., J. Boulter, I. Hermans-Borgmeyer, A. O’SheaGreenfeld, E. S. Daneris, C. Moll, U. Borgmeyer, M.
Hollmann, and S. Heinemann. 1990. Cloning of a novel glutamate receptor subunit, GluR5: Expression in the nervous
system during development. Neuron 5:583–595. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0896-6273(90)90213-y .
Blair, L. A., E. S. Levian, J. Marshall, V. E. Dionne, and E. A.
Barnard. 1988. Single subunits of the GABAA receptor form
ion channels with properties of the native receptor. Science
242:577–579. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2845583 .
Boulter, J., M. Hollmann, A. O’Shea-Greenfeld, M. Hartley, E.
Daneris, C. Maron, and S. Heinemann. 1990. Molecular
cloning and functional expression of glutamate receptor subunit genes. Science 249:1033–1037. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.2168579 .
Brunetti, S., and D. E. Lumsden. 2020. Rett syndrome as a movement
and motor disorder. European Journal Pediatric of Neurology
28:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.06.020 .
Carvalho-de-Souza, J. L., and F. Bezanilla. 2019. Noncanonical
mechanism of voltage sensor coupling to pore revealed by
tandem dimers of Shaker. Nature Communications 10:3584.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11545-7 .
Castañeyra-Ruiz, L., L. G. Hernández-Abad, E. M. CarmonaCalero, A. Castañeyra-Perdomo, and I. González-Marrero.
2019. AQP1 overexpression in the CSF of obstructive
hydrocephalus and inversion of its polarity in the choroid plexus of a chiari malformation type II case. Journal
Neuropathology Experimental Neurology 78:641–647.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlz033 .
Catterall, W. A., G. Wisedchaisri, and N. Zheng. 2017. The chemical basis for electrical signaling. Nature Chemical Biology
13:455–463. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2353 .
Chang, M. H., M. R. Brown, Y. Liu, V. G. Gainullin, P. C. Harris,
M. F. Romero, and J. C. Lieske. 2019. Cl− and H+ coupling properties and subcellular localizations of wildtype
and disease-associated variants of the voltage-gated Cl-/
H+ exchanger ClC-5. Journal of Biological Chemistry
295:1464–1473. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA119.011366 .
Cho, C. H., S. Lee, A. Kim, O. Yarishkin, K. Ryoo, Y. S. Lee, H.
G. Jung, E. Yang, D. Y. Lee, B. Lee, H. Kim, U. Oh, H. I. Im,
E. M. Hwang, and J. Y. Park. 2020. TMEM16A expression in
cholinergic neurons of the medial habenula mediates anxietyrelated behaviors. EMBO Reports 21:e48097. https://doi.
org/10.15252/embr.201948097.
Dixit, G., C. Dabney-Smith, and G. A. Lorigan. 2020. The membrane protein KCNQ1 potassium ion channel: Functional
diversity and current structural insights. Biochimical et
Biophysical Acta (BBA)—Biomembranes 1862:183148. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183148 .
Egebjerg, J., B. Bettler, I. Hermans-Borgmeyer, and S. Heinemann.
1991. Cloning of a cDNA for a glutamate receptor subunit
activated by kainate but not AMPA. Nature 351:745–748.
https://doi.org/10.1038/351745a0 .
Eusebi, F., E. Palma, M. Amici, and R. Miledi. 2009. Microtransplantation of ligand-gated receptor-channels from fresh or
frozen nervous tissue into Xenopus oocytes: A potent tool
for expanding functional information. Progress in Neurobiology 88:32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.
01.008.
Gao, Y., and P. Liao. 2019. TRPM4 channel and cancer. Cancer Letters
454:66–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.012 .
Grenningloh, G., I. Pribilla, P. Prior, G. Multhaup, K. Beyreuther,
O. Taleb, and H. Betz. 1990. Cloning and expression of
the 58 kd beta subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor.
Neuron 4:963–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(90)
90149-a.
Gundersen, C. B., R. Miledi, and I. Parker. 1983. Serotonin receptors induced by exogenous messenger RNA in Xenopus
oocytes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series
B, Biological Sciences 219:103–109. https://doi.org/10.1098/
rspb.1983.0062.
Gundersen, C. B., R. Miledi, and I. Parker. 1984. Messenger RNA
from human brain induces drug- and voltage-operated channels in Xenopus oocytes. Nature 308:421–424. https://doi.
org/10.1038/308421a0 .
Günther, W., A. Lüchow, F. Cluzeaud, A. Vandewalle, T. J. Jentsch.
1998. ClC-5, the chloride channel mutated in Dent’s disease, colocalizes with the proton pump in endocytotically
active kidney cells. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America 95:8075–8080.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.14.8075 .
Gurdon, J. B., C. D. Lane, H. R. Woodland, and G. Marbaix. 1971.
Use of frog eggs and oocytes for the study of messenger
RNA and its translation in living cells. Nature 233:177–182.
https://doi.org/10.1038/233177a0 .
Xenopus
this method extends the applications of Xenopus oocytes as
an expression system for approaching many channelopathies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Work supported by grants from CONACYT (A1S7659) and
PAPIIT-DGAPA-UNAM IN204520 to AMT. EPJ is supported by a fellowship from CONACYT (446622) and is a
student of Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias BiomédicasUNAM. Jessica González Norris kindly edited the English
version of the manuscript.
REFERENCES
Amin, J., I. M. Dickerson, and D. S. Weiss. 1994. The agonist binding site of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A channel is
not formed by the extracellular cysteine loop. Molecular
Pharmacology 45:317–323.
Antzelevitch, C., A. Wilde, L. Eckardt, M. Hiraoka, and D. Corrado.
2007. Diagnostic and genetic aspects of the Brugada and other
inherited arrhythmias syndromes. Journal Electrocardiology
40:S11–S14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2006.10.
019.
Arellano, R. O., R. M. Woodward, and R. Miledi. 1995. A monovalent
cationic conductance that is blocked by extracellular divalent
cations in Xenopus oocytes. Journal of Physiology 484:593–
604. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020689 .
Arellano, R. O., R. M. Woodward, and R. Miledi. 1996. Ion channels and membrane receptors in follicle-enclosed Xenopus
oocytes. Ion Channels, ed. Toshio Narahashi, 203–259.
Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-14899-1775-1_6.
Barnard, E. A., R. Miledi, and K. Sumikawa. 1982. Translation
of exogenous messenger RNA coding for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors produces functional receptors in Xenopus
oocytes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series
B, Biological Sciences 215:241–246. https://doi.org/10.1098/
rspb.1982.0040.
Bertrand, D., M. Ballivet, and D. Rungger. 1990. Activation and
blocking of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor reconstituted in Xenopus oocytes. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 87:1993–1997. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.87.5.1993 .
Bettler, B., J. Boulter, I. Hermans-Borgmeyer, A. O’SheaGreenfeld, E. S. Daneris, C. Moll, U. Borgmeyer, M.
Hollmann, and S. Heinemann. 1990. Cloning of a novel glutamate receptor subunit, GluR5: Expression in the nervous
system during development. Neuron 5:583–595. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0896-6273(90)90213-y .
Blair, L. A., E. S. Levian, J. Marshall, V. E. Dionne, and E. A.
Barnard. 1988. Single subunits of the GABAA receptor form
ion channels with properties of the native receptor. Science
242:577–579. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2845583 .
Boulter, J., M. Hollmann, A. O’Shea-Greenfeld, M. Hartley, E.
Daneris, C. Maron, and S. Heinemann. 1990. Molecular
cloning and functional expression of glutamate receptor subunit genes. Science 249:1033–1037. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.2168579 .
Brunetti, S., and D. E. Lumsden. 2020. Rett syndrome as a movement
and motor disorder. European Journal Pediatric of Neurology
28:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.06.020 .
Carvalho-de-Souza, J. L., and F. Bezanilla. 2019. Noncanonical
mechanism of voltage sensor coupling to pore revealed by
tandem dimers of Shaker. Nature Communications 10:3584.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11545-7 .
Castañeyra-Ruiz, L., L. G. Hernández-Abad, E. M. CarmonaCalero, A. Castañeyra-Perdomo, and I. González-Marrero.
2019. AQP1 overexpression in the CSF of obstructive
hydrocephalus and inversion of its polarity in the choroid plexus of a chiari malformation type II case. Journal
Neuropathology Experimental Neurology 78:641–647.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlz033 .
Catterall, W. A., G. Wisedchaisri, and N. Zheng. 2017. The chemical basis for electrical signaling. Nature Chemical Biology
13:455–463. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2353 .
Chang, M. H., M. R. Brown, Y. Liu, V. G. Gainullin, P. C. Harris,
M. F. Romero, and J. C. Lieske. 2019. Cl− and H+ coupling properties and subcellular localizations of wildtype
and disease-associated variants of the voltage-gated Cl-/
H+ exchanger ClC-5. Journal of Biological Chemistry
295:1464–1473. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA119.011366 .
Cho, C. H., S. Lee, A. Kim, O. Yarishkin, K. Ryoo, Y. S. Lee, H.
G. Jung, E. Yang, D. Y. Lee, B. Lee, H. Kim, U. Oh, H. I. Im,
E. M. Hwang, and J. Y. Park. 2020. TMEM16A expression in
cholinergic neurons of the medial habenula mediates anxietyrelated behaviors. EMBO Reports 21:e48097. https://doi.
org/10.15252/embr.201948097.
Dixit, G., C. Dabney-Smith, and G. A. Lorigan. 2020. The membrane protein KCNQ1 potassium ion channel: Functional
diversity and current structural insights. Biochimical et
Biophysical Acta (BBA)—Biomembranes 1862:183148. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183148 .
Egebjerg, J., B. Bettler, I. Hermans-Borgmeyer, and S. Heinemann.
1991. Cloning of a cDNA for a glutamate receptor subunit
activated by kainate but not AMPA. Nature 351:745–748.
https://doi.org/10.1038/351745a0 .
Eusebi, F., E. Palma, M. Amici, and R. Miledi. 2009. Microtransplantation of ligand-gated receptor-channels from fresh or
frozen nervous tissue into Xenopus oocytes: A potent tool
for expanding functional information. Progress in Neurobiology 88:32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.
01.008.
Gao, Y., and P. Liao. 2019. TRPM4 channel and cancer. Cancer Letters
454:66–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.012 .
Grenningloh, G., I. Pribilla, P. Prior, G. Multhaup, K. Beyreuther,
O. Taleb, and H. Betz. 1990. Cloning and expression of
the 58 kd beta subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor.
Neuron 4:963–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(90)
90149-a.
Gundersen, C. B., R. Miledi, and I. Parker. 1983. Serotonin receptors induced by exogenous messenger RNA in Xenopus
oocytes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series
B, Biological Sciences 219:103–109. https://doi.org/10.1098/
rspb.1983.0062.
Gundersen, C. B., R. Miledi, and I. Parker. 1984. Messenger RNA
from human brain induces drug- and voltage-operated channels in Xenopus oocytes. Nature 308:421–424. https://doi.
org/10.1038/308421a0 .
Günther, W., A. Lüchow, F. Cluzeaud, A. Vandewalle, T. J. Jentsch.
1998. ClC-5, the chloride channel mutated in Dent’s disease, colocalizes with the proton pump in endocytotically
active kidney cells. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America 95:8075–8080.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.14.8075 .
Gurdon, J. B., C. D. Lane, H. R. Woodland, and G. Marbaix. 1971.
Use of frog eggs and oocytes for the study of messenger
RNA and its translation in living cells. Nature 233:177–182.
https://doi.org/10.1038/233177a0 .