Full Citation: Fluorescence Analysis of Thermoresponsive Polymers. A.G. Ryder and C. Morris, Reviews in Fluorescence 2015 ,
Annual Volumes, Vol. 8, pp. 97-126, (2015). ISBN: 978-3-319-24607-9 (Hardcover), 978-3-319-24609-3 (ebook) Springer.
Page 5 of 31
to assume a more hydrophobic state above the LCST.
Abbreviation Name
LCST (C)
PPO
poly(propylene oxide)
10-20
PNPAm
poly(N-n-propylacrylamide)
25
PNIPAm
poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
32
PEPA
poly(ethoxypropylacrylamide)
~32
PVME
poly(vinyl methyl ether)
33.8
PIPOZ
poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline)
~36
PVCL
poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)
38
HPC
Hydroxypropylcellulose
42
PBMEAm
poly(N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl) acrylamide)
49
MC
Methylcellulose
50
PDMA
poly((2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)
50
PEOZ
poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)
~62
PMPAm
poly(N-(3-methoxypropyl)acrylamide)
>60
EHEC
Ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose
65
PEMA
poly(N,N-ethylmethylacrylamide)
70
PEA
poly(N-ethylacrylamide)
82
Table 1: LCSTs of some common thermoresponsive polymers [40].
A list of popular thermoresponsive polymer systems with their corresponding LCSTs is given in
Table 1. PNIPAm and PVCL exhibit LCST behavior in a physiologically relevant temperature range
rendering them viable for many biomedical applications [21,40,41]. Often these polymers are used
as core elements to synthesize co-polymers with specific thermoresponsive and other desired
properties. For example, PEO and PPO have been used to fabricate block copolymers, which possess
an inverse thermoresponsive behavior. These block copolymers are available commercially under
the names Pluronics
and Tetronics
, many of which have been approved by the FDA and EPA for use
in food, pharmaceuticals and agriculture [8,21,22]. Alternatively copolymerization with hydrophilic
or hydrophobic co-monomers can be used to increase or decrease the LCST respectively [36]. It is
also possible to modulate or fine tune the LCST by the addition of additives for example, the addition
of sodium dodecylsulfate increases the LCST, whereas addition of sodium chloride has the opposite
effect [43,44].
3.2
POLY(N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE), PNIPAM.
Annual Volumes, Vol. 8, pp. 97-126, (2015). ISBN: 978-3-319-24607-9 (Hardcover), 978-3-319-24609-3 (ebook) Springer.
Page 5 of 31
to assume a more hydrophobic state above the LCST.
Abbreviation Name
LCST (C)
PPO
poly(propylene oxide)
10-20
PNPAm
poly(N-n-propylacrylamide)
25
PNIPAm
poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
32
PEPA
poly(ethoxypropylacrylamide)
~32
PVME
poly(vinyl methyl ether)
33.8
PIPOZ
poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline)
~36
PVCL
poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)
38
HPC
Hydroxypropylcellulose
42
PBMEAm
poly(N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl) acrylamide)
49
MC
Methylcellulose
50
PDMA
poly((2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)
50
PEOZ
poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)
~62
PMPAm
poly(N-(3-methoxypropyl)acrylamide)
>60
EHEC
Ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose
65
PEMA
poly(N,N-ethylmethylacrylamide)
70
PEA
poly(N-ethylacrylamide)
82
Table 1: LCSTs of some common thermoresponsive polymers [40].
A list of popular thermoresponsive polymer systems with their corresponding LCSTs is given in
Table 1. PNIPAm and PVCL exhibit LCST behavior in a physiologically relevant temperature range
rendering them viable for many biomedical applications [21,40,41]. Often these polymers are used
as core elements to synthesize co-polymers with specific thermoresponsive and other desired
properties. For example, PEO and PPO have been used to fabricate block copolymers, which possess
an inverse thermoresponsive behavior. These block copolymers are available commercially under
the names Pluronics
and Tetronics
, many of which have been approved by the FDA and EPA for use
in food, pharmaceuticals and agriculture [8,21,22]. Alternatively copolymerization with hydrophilic
or hydrophobic co-monomers can be used to increase or decrease the LCST respectively [36]. It is
also possible to modulate or fine tune the LCST by the addition of additives for example, the addition
of sodium dodecylsulfate increases the LCST, whereas addition of sodium chloride has the opposite
effect [43,44].
3.2
POLY(N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE), PNIPAM.