26
A. G. RYDER
which excites different fluorophore populations within the crude oils, makes it
increasingly difficult to compare quantitatively results from different studies. This
combined with the fact that most research laboratories work on widely different crude
oils further fragments this economically important research field. There is therefore, a
need to develop a set of crude oil standards (either natural or synthesised in the
laboratory), freely available to all, with which new methods and instrumentation can be
calibrated, and the results from different laboratories more easily compared.
8.1. Acknowledgments
The author would like to acknowledge support from Science Foundation Ireland by
way of the Grant Scheme for Investigators (Grant no. 02/IN.1/M231), and the National
Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science (NUI-Galway) as part of the Higher
Education Authority Programme for Research in Third Level Institutions.
9. REFERENCES
1
R. C. Selley, Elements of Petroleum Geology, 2
nd
. Ed., (Academic Press, 1998).
2
J. M. Hunt, Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, (W.H. Freeman and Company San Francisco, 1979).
3
F. K. North, Petroleum Geology, (Chapman & Hall, London, 1985).
4
O. C. Mullins, T. Daigle, C. Crowell, H. Groenzin, and N. B. Joshi, Gas-oil ratio of live crude oils
determined by near-infrared spectroscopy, Appl. Spectrosc. 55(2), 197-201 (2001).
5
Z. D. Wang and M. F. Fingas, Development of oil hydrocarbon fingerprinting and identification
techniques, Mar. Pollut. Bull. 47(9-12), 423-452 (2003).
6
American Society for the Testing of Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 5, Petroleum
Products and Lubricants (I-IV), 2003.
7
Institute of Petroleum, Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products and
British Standard 2000 Parts, (John Wiley & Sons, 2001)
8
D. E. Nicodem, C. L. B. Guedes, M. Conceição, Z. Fernandes, D. Severino, R. J. Correa, M. C. Coutinho,
and J. Silva, Photochemistry of petroleum, Prog. React. Kinect. Mec. 26(2-3), 219-238 (2001).
9
O. C. Mullins in: Structure and Dynamics of Asphaltenes, edited by O. C. Mullins and E. Y. Sheu,
(Plenum Press, New York, 1998), pp. 21-77.
10 A. G. Ryder, A time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic study of crude petroleum oils: influence of
chemical composition, Appl. Spectrosc. 58(5), 613-623 (2004).
11 M. E. Abu-Zeid, K. S. Bhatia, M. A. Marafi, Y. Y. Makdisi, and M. F. Amer, Measurement of
fluorescence decay of crude oil: a potential technique to identify oil slicks, Environ. Pollut. 46, 197-207
(1987).
12 B. Alpern, M. J. L. DeSousa, H. J. Pinheiro, and X. Zhu, Detection and evaluation of hydrocarbons insource rocks by fluorescence microscopy, Org. Geochem. 20(6), 789-795 (1993).
13 A. Blanchet, M. Pagel, F. Walgenwitz, and A. Lopez, Microspectrofluorimetric and micro thermometric
evidence for variability in hydrocarbon fluid inclusions in quartz overgrowths: implications for
inclusion trapping in the Alwyn North field, North Sea, Org. Geochem. 34(11), 1477-1490 (2003).
14 P. Camagni, A. Colombo, C. Koechler, N. Omenetto, P. Qi, and G. Rossi, Fluorescence response of
mineral oils: spectral yield vs absorption and decay time, Appl. Opt. 30(1), 26-35 (1991).
15 H. W. Hagemann and A. Hollerbach, The fluorescence behavior of crude oils with respect to their thermal
maturation and degradation, Org. Geochem. 10, 473-480 (1986).
16 R. M. Measures, W. R. Houston, and D. G. Stephenson, Laser induced fluorescent decay spectra – a new
form of environmental signature, Opt. Eng. 13(6), 494-501 (1974).
17 O. C. Mullins, S. Mitra-Kirtley, and Y. Zhu, The electronic absorption-edge of petroleum, Appl.
Spectrosc. 46(9), 1405-1411 (1992).
18 T. D. Downare and O. C. Mullins, Visible and near-infrared fluorescence of crude oils, Appl. Spectrosc.
49(6), 754-764 (1995).
19 M. F. Quinn, S. Joubian, F. Al-Bahrani, S. Al-Aruri, and O. Alameddine, A de-convolution technique for
A. G. RYDER
which excites different fluorophore populations within the crude oils, makes it
increasingly difficult to compare quantitatively results from different studies. This
combined with the fact that most research laboratories work on widely different crude
oils further fragments this economically important research field. There is therefore, a
need to develop a set of crude oil standards (either natural or synthesised in the
laboratory), freely available to all, with which new methods and instrumentation can be
calibrated, and the results from different laboratories more easily compared.
8.1. Acknowledgments
The author would like to acknowledge support from Science Foundation Ireland by
way of the Grant Scheme for Investigators (Grant no. 02/IN.1/M231), and the National
Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science (NUI-Galway) as part of the Higher
Education Authority Programme for Research in Third Level Institutions.
9. REFERENCES
1
R. C. Selley, Elements of Petroleum Geology, 2
nd
. Ed., (Academic Press, 1998).
2
J. M. Hunt, Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, (W.H. Freeman and Company San Francisco, 1979).
3
F. K. North, Petroleum Geology, (Chapman & Hall, London, 1985).
4
O. C. Mullins, T. Daigle, C. Crowell, H. Groenzin, and N. B. Joshi, Gas-oil ratio of live crude oils
determined by near-infrared spectroscopy, Appl. Spectrosc. 55(2), 197-201 (2001).
5
Z. D. Wang and M. F. Fingas, Development of oil hydrocarbon fingerprinting and identification
techniques, Mar. Pollut. Bull. 47(9-12), 423-452 (2003).
6
American Society for the Testing of Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 5, Petroleum
Products and Lubricants (I-IV), 2003.
7
Institute of Petroleum, Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products and
British Standard 2000 Parts, (John Wiley & Sons, 2001)
8
D. E. Nicodem, C. L. B. Guedes, M. Conceição, Z. Fernandes, D. Severino, R. J. Correa, M. C. Coutinho,
and J. Silva, Photochemistry of petroleum, Prog. React. Kinect. Mec. 26(2-3), 219-238 (2001).
9
O. C. Mullins in: Structure and Dynamics of Asphaltenes, edited by O. C. Mullins and E. Y. Sheu,
(Plenum Press, New York, 1998), pp. 21-77.
10 A. G. Ryder, A time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic study of crude petroleum oils: influence of
chemical composition, Appl. Spectrosc. 58(5), 613-623 (2004).
11 M. E. Abu-Zeid, K. S. Bhatia, M. A. Marafi, Y. Y. Makdisi, and M. F. Amer, Measurement of
fluorescence decay of crude oil: a potential technique to identify oil slicks, Environ. Pollut. 46, 197-207
(1987).
12 B. Alpern, M. J. L. DeSousa, H. J. Pinheiro, and X. Zhu, Detection and evaluation of hydrocarbons insource rocks by fluorescence microscopy, Org. Geochem. 20(6), 789-795 (1993).
13 A. Blanchet, M. Pagel, F. Walgenwitz, and A. Lopez, Microspectrofluorimetric and micro thermometric
evidence for variability in hydrocarbon fluid inclusions in quartz overgrowths: implications for
inclusion trapping in the Alwyn North field, North Sea, Org. Geochem. 34(11), 1477-1490 (2003).
14 P. Camagni, A. Colombo, C. Koechler, N. Omenetto, P. Qi, and G. Rossi, Fluorescence response of
mineral oils: spectral yield vs absorption and decay time, Appl. Opt. 30(1), 26-35 (1991).
15 H. W. Hagemann and A. Hollerbach, The fluorescence behavior of crude oils with respect to their thermal
maturation and degradation, Org. Geochem. 10, 473-480 (1986).
16 R. M. Measures, W. R. Houston, and D. G. Stephenson, Laser induced fluorescent decay spectra – a new
form of environmental signature, Opt. Eng. 13(6), 494-501 (1974).
17 O. C. Mullins, S. Mitra-Kirtley, and Y. Zhu, The electronic absorption-edge of petroleum, Appl.
Spectrosc. 46(9), 1405-1411 (1992).
18 T. D. Downare and O. C. Mullins, Visible and near-infrared fluorescence of crude oils, Appl. Spectrosc.
49(6), 754-764 (1995).
19 M. F. Quinn, S. Joubian, F. Al-Bahrani, S. Al-Aruri, and O. Alameddine, A de-convolution technique for