loss of panels occurred before the transplant procedures, which has reduced the number
of replicates. Thus, additional experiments are recommended also in other localities and
for a longer time of immersion, in order to collect more data and assess which are the
factors that mostly promote the biotic resistance by NIS in fouling communities, as well
as to shed light on the different results presented in the literature when testing this
hypothesis (Kimbro et al., 2016; Marraffini & Geller, 2015).
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Municipality of Porto Venere for granting the permissions to
carry out this study.
Bibliography
AIROLDI L., TURON X., PERKOL-FINKEL S., RIUS M. (2015) - Corridors for aliens but not
for natives: effects of marine urban sprawl at a regional scale. Diversity and Distributions,
21(7): 755-768.
BAILEY S.A. (2015) - An overview of thirty years of research on ballast water as a vector for
aquatic invasive species to freshwater and marine environments. Aquatic Ecosystem Health
& Management, 18(3): 261-268.
DRAKE L.A., BAILEY S.A., BRYDGES T., CARNEY K. J., RUIZ G.M., BAYLY-STARK J.,
DRILLET G., & EVERETT R. A. (2021) – Design and installation of ballast water sample
ports: Current status and implications for assessing compliance with discharge standards.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 167, 112280.
GESTOSO I., ARENAS F., OLABARRIA C. (2014) - Biotic resistance and facilitation of a
non- indigenous mussel vary with environmental context. Marine Ecology Progress Series,
506: 163–173.
GESTOSO I., RAMALHOSA P., OLIVEIRA P., CANNING-CLODE J. (2017) - Marine
protected communities against biological invasions: a case study from an offshore island.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 119: 72–80.
HOPKINS G., DAVIDSON I., GEORGIADES E., FLOERL O., MORRISEY D., CAHILL P.
(2021) - Managing biofouling on submerged static artificial structures in the marine
environment–assessment of current and emerging approaches. Frontiers in Marine Science,
8, 759194.
KIMBRO D.L., CHENG B.S., GROSHOLZ E.D. (2013) - Biotic resistance in marine
environments. Ecological Letters, 16: 821–833.
MARRAFFINI M.L., GELLER J.B. (2015) - Species richness and interacting factors control
invasibility of a marine community. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological
Sciences, 282 (1812): 20150439.
MINEUR F., COOK E.J., MINCHIN D., BOHN K., MACLEOD A., MAGGS C.A. (2012) -
Changing coasts: marine aliens and artificial structures. Oceanography and Marine Biology:
An Annual Review, 50: 189-234.
RIUS M., MCQUAID C.D. (2009) - Facilitation and competition between invasive and indigenous
mussels over a gradient of physical stress. Basic and Applied Ecology, 10, 607–613.
STACHOWICZ J.J., FRIED H., OSMAN R.W., WHITLATCH R.B. (2002) - Biodiversity,
invasion resistance and marine ecosystem function: reconciling pattern and process. Ecology,
83, 2575–2590.
TAMBURINI M., KEPPEL E., MARCHINI A., REPETTO M. F., RUIZ G. M. FERRARIO J.,
OCCHIPINTI-AMBROGI A. (2021) - Monitoring non-indigenous species in port habitats:
first application of a standardized North American protocol in the Mediterranean Sea.
Frontiers in Marine Science, 8:700730.
ULMAN A., FERRARIO J., FORCADA A., SEEBENS H., ARVANITIDIS C., OCCHIPINTIAMBROGI A., MARCHINI A. (2019) - Alien species spreading via biofouling on recreational
vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Applied Ecology, 56(12): 2620-2629.
2nd Mediterranean Symposium on the Non-Indigenous Species (Genoa, Italy, 22-23 September 2022)
33
of replicates. Thus, additional experiments are recommended also in other localities and
for a longer time of immersion, in order to collect more data and assess which are the
factors that mostly promote the biotic resistance by NIS in fouling communities, as well
as to shed light on the different results presented in the literature when testing this
hypothesis (Kimbro et al., 2016; Marraffini & Geller, 2015).
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Municipality of Porto Venere for granting the permissions to
carry out this study.
Bibliography
AIROLDI L., TURON X., PERKOL-FINKEL S., RIUS M. (2015) - Corridors for aliens but not
for natives: effects of marine urban sprawl at a regional scale. Diversity and Distributions,
21(7): 755-768.
BAILEY S.A. (2015) - An overview of thirty years of research on ballast water as a vector for
aquatic invasive species to freshwater and marine environments. Aquatic Ecosystem Health
& Management, 18(3): 261-268.
DRAKE L.A., BAILEY S.A., BRYDGES T., CARNEY K. J., RUIZ G.M., BAYLY-STARK J.,
DRILLET G., & EVERETT R. A. (2021) – Design and installation of ballast water sample
ports: Current status and implications for assessing compliance with discharge standards.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 167, 112280.
GESTOSO I., ARENAS F., OLABARRIA C. (2014) - Biotic resistance and facilitation of a
non- indigenous mussel vary with environmental context. Marine Ecology Progress Series,
506: 163–173.
GESTOSO I., RAMALHOSA P., OLIVEIRA P., CANNING-CLODE J. (2017) - Marine
protected communities against biological invasions: a case study from an offshore island.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 119: 72–80.
HOPKINS G., DAVIDSON I., GEORGIADES E., FLOERL O., MORRISEY D., CAHILL P.
(2021) - Managing biofouling on submerged static artificial structures in the marine
environment–assessment of current and emerging approaches. Frontiers in Marine Science,
8, 759194.
KIMBRO D.L., CHENG B.S., GROSHOLZ E.D. (2013) - Biotic resistance in marine
environments. Ecological Letters, 16: 821–833.
MARRAFFINI M.L., GELLER J.B. (2015) - Species richness and interacting factors control
invasibility of a marine community. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological
Sciences, 282 (1812): 20150439.
MINEUR F., COOK E.J., MINCHIN D., BOHN K., MACLEOD A., MAGGS C.A. (2012) -
Changing coasts: marine aliens and artificial structures. Oceanography and Marine Biology:
An Annual Review, 50: 189-234.
RIUS M., MCQUAID C.D. (2009) - Facilitation and competition between invasive and indigenous
mussels over a gradient of physical stress. Basic and Applied Ecology, 10, 607–613.
STACHOWICZ J.J., FRIED H., OSMAN R.W., WHITLATCH R.B. (2002) - Biodiversity,
invasion resistance and marine ecosystem function: reconciling pattern and process. Ecology,
83, 2575–2590.
TAMBURINI M., KEPPEL E., MARCHINI A., REPETTO M. F., RUIZ G. M. FERRARIO J.,
OCCHIPINTI-AMBROGI A. (2021) - Monitoring non-indigenous species in port habitats:
first application of a standardized North American protocol in the Mediterranean Sea.
Frontiers in Marine Science, 8:700730.
ULMAN A., FERRARIO J., FORCADA A., SEEBENS H., ARVANITIDIS C., OCCHIPINTIAMBROGI A., MARCHINI A. (2019) - Alien species spreading via biofouling on recreational
vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Applied Ecology, 56(12): 2620-2629.
2nd Mediterranean Symposium on the Non-Indigenous Species (Genoa, Italy, 22-23 September 2022)
33