wave infrared (SWIR) wavelengths (Behling et al.,
2018; Joevivek & Saravanan Sakthivel, 2018; Zed Abu
et al., 2018; Yawo et al., 2018; Do et al., 2018; Nan,
2018; Hashmi & Sajid, 2018; Asib et al., 2018;
Qingxiang Liu et al., 2017; Al Mansoori & AlMarzouqi 2016; Maglione et al., 2015; Joevivek &
Saravanan Sakthivel, 2013; Tuncay et al., 2011; ElAsmar & Hereher, 2011; Aliakbar et al., 2010;
Alfredo et al., 2005). Modified Normalized Difference
Water Index (MNDWI) which is like NDWI effectively removes the land noise from built-up, vegetation
and soil cover (Xu, 2006), but instead of near infrared
(NIR) band MIR band is utilized and used for the
enhancement of open water features (Asib et al.,
2018; Behling et al., 2018; El-Asmar & Hereher, 2011;
Hashmi & Sajid, 2018; Nan, 2018; Qingxiang Liu et al.,
2017). Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
(NDVI) (Rouse et al., 1974) which measure the difference between near-infrared vegetation reflects and red
light vegetation absorbs and it is used where vegetation is present along the coast (Bera & Maiti, 2019;
Mitra et al., 2017; Al Mansoori & Al-Marzouqi 2016;
Luca et al., 2013; Aliakbar et al., 2010). High Water
Line (HWL) (Fenster & Dolan, 1999) which is determined as the intersection of the land with the water
surface at an elevation of high water (NOS CO-OPS1
2000), was another index researchers used as a shoreline proxy (Addo, 2009; Addo et al., 2011; Del Río et
al., 2013; Kankara et al., 2015; Peter & Kaminsky
George, 2003; Robertson et al., 2004). Automatic
Water Extraction Index (AWEI) introduced by
Gudina et al. (Gudina Feyisa et al., 2014), used for
digitizing water bodies mainly from Landsat images
improving the classification accuracy in areas where
shadow and dark surfaces exist (Gudina Feyisa et al.,
2014; Wenyu & Gong, 2016).
Except of the widely used indices that were mentioned before, there were some other used by researchers individually such as: Average High-Water Line
(AHWL) which is defined as the proxy of the coastline
between two large uneven tides, has been used by
Ruggiero et al. (Peter & Kaminsky George, 2003),
Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) which uses the
shortwave infrared (SWIR) and the NIR regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum, has been used by
Rakesh and Ramkrishna (Bera & Maiti, 2019), High
Tide Line (HTL) which is the maximum height
reached by a rising tide (NOS CO-OPS 1 2000), has
been used by Martínez et al. (2018), Seaward Dune
Vegetation Line (SwDVL) which is defined as the line
separating the dune area which is mainly covered by
dense and stable vegetation, from the seaward area
that is mainly occupied by scattered vegetation
(Thomas Tony et al., 2011), Instantaneous Water
Line (IWL) which is the position of the beach–sea
boundary at an instant in time and Stable Dune
Vegetation Line (StDVL) which is defined as the line
dividing the seaward, scattered vegetation from the
beach area without vegetation (Elizabeth & Ian,
2005) have been used by Cenci et al. (Luca et al.,
2017), Low Water Level (LWL) which is defined as
the intersection of the land with the water surface at an
elevation of low water (NOS CO-OPS 1 2000) has been
used by Fletcher et al. (Charles et al., 2003) and Mean
Low Water (MLW) which is the average of all the low
water heights observed over a period has been used by
Burningham and French (2017).
Algorithms/equations
In order to delineate the water body from land surface,
it was found that researchers tried diverse algorithms
and equations on their studies. Most of them used in
studies are presented in the next paragraph.
Histogram analysis has been used by Nassar et al.
(Karim et al., 2019); Modava et al. (Mohammad et al.,
2018); Kumaravel et al. (2013), Vassilakis et al. (2016),
Vassilakis and Papadopoulou-Vrynioti (2014), and
Fugara et al. (2011); Cui and Li (Bu-Li & Xiao-Yan,
2011); Chen and Chang (2009); Marfai et al. (Aris et al.,
2008); Shaghude et al. (2003). Structure from Motion
(SfM) has been used by (Alphonse et al., 2019; Benqing
Chen et al., 2018; Christopher et al., 2015; Elsner Paul et
al., 2015; Ian et al., 2016; James et al., 2015; Nino et al.,
2015; Papakonstantinou et al., 2016; Pauline et al.,
2018). FCM (fuzzy c-means) has been used by (Ratna
(2019); Ratna and Wietske (Ratna & Bijker, 2019);
Ratna et al. (2018); Ratna et al. (2017)). K-means algorithm used by Paravolidakis et al. (Vasilis et al., 2018);
Vandebroek et al. (2017); Paravolidakis et al. (2016).
OTSU method has been used by Ratna (2019) and
Qingxiang et al. (Qingxiang Liu et al., 2017). Wet/Dry
line has been used by Sekovski et al. (Ivan et al., 2014).
Tasseled Cap Transformation (TCT) has been used by
Chen Chao Chen et al. (2019) and Rasuly et al.
(Aliakbar et al., 2010). Monte Carlo prediction model
has been used by Davidson et al. (Davidson Mark et al.,
2017) and Davidson et al. (2010). Radiometric
approach method has been used by Bruno et al.
(Francesca et al., 2016). Super resolution method
used by Qingxiang et al. (Qingxiang Liu et al., 2017).
Band Combination method has been used by CabezasRabadán et al. (2019); Mitra et al. (2017); Salghuna and
Bharathvaj (Salghuna & Aravind Bharathvaj, 2015);
Gormus et al. (Sedar et al., 2014); Geosci et al. (Arab
et al., 2015); Yanxia et al. (Yanxia Liu et al., 2013); Cui
and Li (Bu-Li & Xiao-Yan, 2011); Xuejie and Damen
(2010); Sharma and Prasenjit (Sharma & Acharya,
2010); Shui-sen Chen et al. (2005). ISOSEG clustering
algorithm has been used by Kawakubo et al. (2011).
Software/extensions used
We found that lots of researchers liked to use several
software depending on the type of images they had to
analyze. ArcMap and its versions, through the time,
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING
249
2018; Joevivek & Saravanan Sakthivel, 2018; Zed Abu
et al., 2018; Yawo et al., 2018; Do et al., 2018; Nan,
2018; Hashmi & Sajid, 2018; Asib et al., 2018;
Qingxiang Liu et al., 2017; Al Mansoori & AlMarzouqi 2016; Maglione et al., 2015; Joevivek &
Saravanan Sakthivel, 2013; Tuncay et al., 2011; ElAsmar & Hereher, 2011; Aliakbar et al., 2010;
Alfredo et al., 2005). Modified Normalized Difference
Water Index (MNDWI) which is like NDWI effectively removes the land noise from built-up, vegetation
and soil cover (Xu, 2006), but instead of near infrared
(NIR) band MIR band is utilized and used for the
enhancement of open water features (Asib et al.,
2018; Behling et al., 2018; El-Asmar & Hereher, 2011;
Hashmi & Sajid, 2018; Nan, 2018; Qingxiang Liu et al.,
2017). Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
(NDVI) (Rouse et al., 1974) which measure the difference between near-infrared vegetation reflects and red
light vegetation absorbs and it is used where vegetation is present along the coast (Bera & Maiti, 2019;
Mitra et al., 2017; Al Mansoori & Al-Marzouqi 2016;
Luca et al., 2013; Aliakbar et al., 2010). High Water
Line (HWL) (Fenster & Dolan, 1999) which is determined as the intersection of the land with the water
surface at an elevation of high water (NOS CO-OPS1
2000), was another index researchers used as a shoreline proxy (Addo, 2009; Addo et al., 2011; Del Río et
al., 2013; Kankara et al., 2015; Peter & Kaminsky
George, 2003; Robertson et al., 2004). Automatic
Water Extraction Index (AWEI) introduced by
Gudina et al. (Gudina Feyisa et al., 2014), used for
digitizing water bodies mainly from Landsat images
improving the classification accuracy in areas where
shadow and dark surfaces exist (Gudina Feyisa et al.,
2014; Wenyu & Gong, 2016).
Except of the widely used indices that were mentioned before, there were some other used by researchers individually such as: Average High-Water Line
(AHWL) which is defined as the proxy of the coastline
between two large uneven tides, has been used by
Ruggiero et al. (Peter & Kaminsky George, 2003),
Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) which uses the
shortwave infrared (SWIR) and the NIR regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum, has been used by
Rakesh and Ramkrishna (Bera & Maiti, 2019), High
Tide Line (HTL) which is the maximum height
reached by a rising tide (NOS CO-OPS 1 2000), has
been used by Martínez et al. (2018), Seaward Dune
Vegetation Line (SwDVL) which is defined as the line
separating the dune area which is mainly covered by
dense and stable vegetation, from the seaward area
that is mainly occupied by scattered vegetation
(Thomas Tony et al., 2011), Instantaneous Water
Line (IWL) which is the position of the beach–sea
boundary at an instant in time and Stable Dune
Vegetation Line (StDVL) which is defined as the line
dividing the seaward, scattered vegetation from the
beach area without vegetation (Elizabeth & Ian,
2005) have been used by Cenci et al. (Luca et al.,
2017), Low Water Level (LWL) which is defined as
the intersection of the land with the water surface at an
elevation of low water (NOS CO-OPS 1 2000) has been
used by Fletcher et al. (Charles et al., 2003) and Mean
Low Water (MLW) which is the average of all the low
water heights observed over a period has been used by
Burningham and French (2017).
Algorithms/equations
In order to delineate the water body from land surface,
it was found that researchers tried diverse algorithms
and equations on their studies. Most of them used in
studies are presented in the next paragraph.
Histogram analysis has been used by Nassar et al.
(Karim et al., 2019); Modava et al. (Mohammad et al.,
2018); Kumaravel et al. (2013), Vassilakis et al. (2016),
Vassilakis and Papadopoulou-Vrynioti (2014), and
Fugara et al. (2011); Cui and Li (Bu-Li & Xiao-Yan,
2011); Chen and Chang (2009); Marfai et al. (Aris et al.,
2008); Shaghude et al. (2003). Structure from Motion
(SfM) has been used by (Alphonse et al., 2019; Benqing
Chen et al., 2018; Christopher et al., 2015; Elsner Paul et
al., 2015; Ian et al., 2016; James et al., 2015; Nino et al.,
2015; Papakonstantinou et al., 2016; Pauline et al.,
2018). FCM (fuzzy c-means) has been used by (Ratna
(2019); Ratna and Wietske (Ratna & Bijker, 2019);
Ratna et al. (2018); Ratna et al. (2017)). K-means algorithm used by Paravolidakis et al. (Vasilis et al., 2018);
Vandebroek et al. (2017); Paravolidakis et al. (2016).
OTSU method has been used by Ratna (2019) and
Qingxiang et al. (Qingxiang Liu et al., 2017). Wet/Dry
line has been used by Sekovski et al. (Ivan et al., 2014).
Tasseled Cap Transformation (TCT) has been used by
Chen Chao Chen et al. (2019) and Rasuly et al.
(Aliakbar et al., 2010). Monte Carlo prediction model
has been used by Davidson et al. (Davidson Mark et al.,
2017) and Davidson et al. (2010). Radiometric
approach method has been used by Bruno et al.
(Francesca et al., 2016). Super resolution method
used by Qingxiang et al. (Qingxiang Liu et al., 2017).
Band Combination method has been used by CabezasRabadán et al. (2019); Mitra et al. (2017); Salghuna and
Bharathvaj (Salghuna & Aravind Bharathvaj, 2015);
Gormus et al. (Sedar et al., 2014); Geosci et al. (Arab
et al., 2015); Yanxia et al. (Yanxia Liu et al., 2013); Cui
and Li (Bu-Li & Xiao-Yan, 2011); Xuejie and Damen
(2010); Sharma and Prasenjit (Sharma & Acharya,
2010); Shui-sen Chen et al. (2005). ISOSEG clustering
algorithm has been used by Kawakubo et al. (2011).
Software/extensions used
We found that lots of researchers liked to use several
software depending on the type of images they had to
analyze. ArcMap and its versions, through the time,
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING
249