PIPELINES
11
Figure 1.8 Two single-point mooring Systems: (a) a single anchor leg mooring
(SALM); (b) a catenary anchor leg mooring (CALM).
Successful SPMs are found at the world’s largest terminais. One of these is
Saudi Arabia’s Ju’aymah exporting terminal, which has two SALM buoys and
four CALM Systems. For this SPM System, crude oil and fuel oil are loaded
simultaneously to a moored tanker through the swivel assembly on the seabed.
A second example is the CALM System for service vessels associated with the
Cognac platform in the Gulf of Mexico. This SPM buoy has 12 catenary lines,
each anchored to 0.76 m diameter piles. The water depth here is 275 m.
1.4 PIPELINES
Sea Floor Pipelines
Most of the 80,000 km of offshore pipelines hâve been installed by one of
the following three methods. In these methods, the deployed pipeline forms an
S-shape between the vessel and the sea floor.
SEA FLOOR
Figure 1.9 The laybarge method of pipeline construction offshore.
11
Figure 1.8 Two single-point mooring Systems: (a) a single anchor leg mooring
(SALM); (b) a catenary anchor leg mooring (CALM).
Successful SPMs are found at the world’s largest terminais. One of these is
Saudi Arabia’s Ju’aymah exporting terminal, which has two SALM buoys and
four CALM Systems. For this SPM System, crude oil and fuel oil are loaded
simultaneously to a moored tanker through the swivel assembly on the seabed.
A second example is the CALM System for service vessels associated with the
Cognac platform in the Gulf of Mexico. This SPM buoy has 12 catenary lines,
each anchored to 0.76 m diameter piles. The water depth here is 275 m.
1.4 PIPELINES
Sea Floor Pipelines
Most of the 80,000 km of offshore pipelines hâve been installed by one of
the following three methods. In these methods, the deployed pipeline forms an
S-shape between the vessel and the sea floor.
SEA FLOOR
Figure 1.9 The laybarge method of pipeline construction offshore.