4 253 Pacific Coast. Sands on the Southern California coast range in
size from 0.1 to 0Ï6 millimeter (3.3 to 0.7 phi). (Emery, 1960, p. 190.)
The northem California coast becomes increasingly rocky, and coarser
material becomes more abundant. The Oregon and Washington coasts include
considérable sand (Bascom, 1964), with many rock outerops. Sand-sizedw>
sédiment is contributed by the Columbia River and other smaller rivers.
4.254 Alaska. Alaska has a long coastline (47,300 miles), and is correspondingly variable in littoral materials. However, beaches are generally
narrow, steep, and coarse-grained; they commonly lie at the base of seacliffs. (Sellman, et al., 1971, p. D-10.) Quartz sand is less common and
grave1 more common here than on many other U.S. coasts.
4.255 Hawaii. Much of the Hawaiian islands is bounded by steep cliffs,
but there are extensive beaches. Littoral materials consist primarily of
bed rock, and white sand formed from calcium carbonate produced by marine
invertebrates. Dark colored basal tic and divine sands are common where
river mouths reach the sea. (Shepard and Wanless, 1971, p. 497, U.S. Army,
Corps of Engineers, 1971.)
4.256 Great Lakes. The U.S. coasts of the Great Lakes vary from high
bluffs of clay, shale, and rock, through lower rocky shores and sandy
beaches, to low marshy clay flats. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National
Shoreline Study, August 1971, North Central Division, p. 13.) The littoral materials are quite variable. Spécifie features are discussed, for
example, by Bowman (1951); Hulsey (1962); Davis (1964-65); Bajorunas and
Duane (1967); Berg and Duane (1968); Saylor and Upchurch (1970); Hands
(1970); and Corps of Engineers (1953, 1971).
4.26
SAMPLING LITTORAL MATERIALS
Sampling programs are designed to provide information about littoral
materials on one or more of the following characteristics:
(a) typical grain size (usually médian size),
(b) size distribution,
(c) composition of the littoral materials,
(d) variation of (a), (b), and (c), with horizontal and vertical
position on the site, and
(e) possible variation in (a), (b), (c), and (d) with time.
A sampling program will dépend on the intended purpose of the samples,
toebe1^amn?A^nKmA\a^al^^>^^
sampling, and an inspection of the site
*
jrie^ inspection will often identify the principal van*
q
n
he Sedlment a”‘d suggest the best ways to sample these variations
borrow sou^es^5 USUally involve beach and nearshore sands and potential
4-24
size from 0.1 to 0Ï6 millimeter (3.3 to 0.7 phi). (Emery, 1960, p. 190.)
The northem California coast becomes increasingly rocky, and coarser
material becomes more abundant. The Oregon and Washington coasts include
considérable sand (Bascom, 1964), with many rock outerops. Sand-sizedw>
sédiment is contributed by the Columbia River and other smaller rivers.
4.254 Alaska. Alaska has a long coastline (47,300 miles), and is correspondingly variable in littoral materials. However, beaches are generally
narrow, steep, and coarse-grained; they commonly lie at the base of seacliffs. (Sellman, et al., 1971, p. D-10.) Quartz sand is less common and
grave1 more common here than on many other U.S. coasts.
4.255 Hawaii. Much of the Hawaiian islands is bounded by steep cliffs,
but there are extensive beaches. Littoral materials consist primarily of
bed rock, and white sand formed from calcium carbonate produced by marine
invertebrates. Dark colored basal tic and divine sands are common where
river mouths reach the sea. (Shepard and Wanless, 1971, p. 497, U.S. Army,
Corps of Engineers, 1971.)
4.256 Great Lakes. The U.S. coasts of the Great Lakes vary from high
bluffs of clay, shale, and rock, through lower rocky shores and sandy
beaches, to low marshy clay flats. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National
Shoreline Study, August 1971, North Central Division, p. 13.) The littoral materials are quite variable. Spécifie features are discussed, for
example, by Bowman (1951); Hulsey (1962); Davis (1964-65); Bajorunas and
Duane (1967); Berg and Duane (1968); Saylor and Upchurch (1970); Hands
(1970); and Corps of Engineers (1953, 1971).
4.26
SAMPLING LITTORAL MATERIALS
Sampling programs are designed to provide information about littoral
materials on one or more of the following characteristics:
(a) typical grain size (usually médian size),
(b) size distribution,
(c) composition of the littoral materials,
(d) variation of (a), (b), and (c), with horizontal and vertical
position on the site, and
(e) possible variation in (a), (b), (c), and (d) with time.
A sampling program will dépend on the intended purpose of the samples,
toebe1^amn?A^nKmA\a^al^^>^^
sampling, and an inspection of the site
*
jrie^ inspection will often identify the principal van*
q
n
he Sedlment a”‘d suggest the best ways to sample these variations
borrow sou^es^5 USUally involve beach and nearshore sands and potential
4-24