v
Contents
Preface to the First Edition ............................................................................................................xi
Preface to the Second Edition .................................................................................................... xiii
Preface to the Third Edition ........................................................................................................xv
Preface to the Fourth Edition ................................................................................................... xvii
About the Author ........................................................................................................................ xix
1. Descriptive Oceanography ...................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................1
1.2 Physical Characteristics of the Oceans ......................................................................2
1.3 Distribution of Temperature and Salinity for Ocean Waters .................................5
1.4 Circulation and Water Masses of the Oceans ......................................................... 16
1.4.1 Atlantic Ocean Waters ................................................................................... 18
1.4.2 Southern Ocean Waters ................................................................................. 25
1.4.3 Pacific Ocean Waters ..................................................................................... 27
1.4.4 Indian Ocean ..................................................................................................30
1.4.5 Arctic and Adjacent Seas .............................................................................. 32
1.4.6 Closed Basins .................................................................................................. 35
1.4.6.1 Mediterranean Sea ......................................................................... 35
1.4.6.2 Red Sea ............................................................................................. 35
1.4.6.3 Estuaries .......................................................................................... 35
1.5 Use of Chemical Tracers in Oceanography ............................................................. 38
1.5.1 Carbon-14 ........................................................................................................ 38
1.5.2 Tritium and Helium-3 ................................................................................... 40
1.5.3 Chlorofluorocarbons......................................................................................42
1.5.4 The Age of Water Masses .............................................................................. 45
References and Further Reading ......................................................................................... 52
Descriptive Oceanography ........................................................................................ 52
Carbon-14 ..................................................................................................................... 52
Tritium .......................................................................................................................... 52
Helium-3 ....................................................................................................................... 52
Chlorofluorocarbons ................................................................................................... 53
Age of Water Masses ................................................................................................... 53
2. Composition of the Major Components of Seawater .................................................... 55
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 55
2.2 The Concept of Salinity .............................................................................................. 57
2.3 Methods of Determination ........................................................................................64
2.3.1 Chloride ...........................................................................................................64
2.3.2 Sulfate ..............................................................................................................65
2.3.3 Bromine ...........................................................................................................65
2.3.4 Fluorine ...........................................................................................................65
2.3.5 Bicarbonate and Carbonate ..........................................................................65
2.3.6 Boric Acid and Borate ....................................................................................65
2.3.7 Magnesium .....................................................................................................65
Contents
Preface to the First Edition ............................................................................................................xi
Preface to the Second Edition .................................................................................................... xiii
Preface to the Third Edition ........................................................................................................xv
Preface to the Fourth Edition ................................................................................................... xvii
About the Author ........................................................................................................................ xix
1. Descriptive Oceanography ...................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................1
1.2 Physical Characteristics of the Oceans ......................................................................2
1.3 Distribution of Temperature and Salinity for Ocean Waters .................................5
1.4 Circulation and Water Masses of the Oceans ......................................................... 16
1.4.1 Atlantic Ocean Waters ................................................................................... 18
1.4.2 Southern Ocean Waters ................................................................................. 25
1.4.3 Pacific Ocean Waters ..................................................................................... 27
1.4.4 Indian Ocean ..................................................................................................30
1.4.5 Arctic and Adjacent Seas .............................................................................. 32
1.4.6 Closed Basins .................................................................................................. 35
1.4.6.1 Mediterranean Sea ......................................................................... 35
1.4.6.2 Red Sea ............................................................................................. 35
1.4.6.3 Estuaries .......................................................................................... 35
1.5 Use of Chemical Tracers in Oceanography ............................................................. 38
1.5.1 Carbon-14 ........................................................................................................ 38
1.5.2 Tritium and Helium-3 ................................................................................... 40
1.5.3 Chlorofluorocarbons......................................................................................42
1.5.4 The Age of Water Masses .............................................................................. 45
References and Further Reading ......................................................................................... 52
Descriptive Oceanography ........................................................................................ 52
Carbon-14 ..................................................................................................................... 52
Tritium .......................................................................................................................... 52
Helium-3 ....................................................................................................................... 52
Chlorofluorocarbons ................................................................................................... 53
Age of Water Masses ................................................................................................... 53
2. Composition of the Major Components of Seawater .................................................... 55
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 55
2.2 The Concept of Salinity .............................................................................................. 57
2.3 Methods of Determination ........................................................................................64
2.3.1 Chloride ...........................................................................................................64
2.3.2 Sulfate ..............................................................................................................65
2.3.3 Bromine ...........................................................................................................65
2.3.4 Fluorine ...........................................................................................................65
2.3.5 Bicarbonate and Carbonate ..........................................................................65
2.3.6 Boric Acid and Borate ....................................................................................65
2.3.7 Magnesium .....................................................................................................65