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Glossary of Chemical Oceanography Terms
Halite: A rock salt (NaCl). One of the evaporites of the third stage of evaporation.
Heavy Metals: Metals that generally pose risk to living creatures in low concentrations by
concentrating in the digestive organs (Pb, Hg, Cd).
Hydrothermal Input: The input of elements (Mn, Si) from hydrothermal vents to the oceans.
Igneous Rocks: Rocks formed directly from molten lava that cooled quickly on or near the
earth’s surface.
Illite: K 2 Al 4 [Si 6 Al 2 O 20 ](OH) 4 . A group of clay minerals.
Irving–Williams Order: The order of complex stability of transition metals with organic
ligands (Mn 2+ < Fe 2+ < Co 2+ < Ni 2+ < Cu 2+ > Zn 2+ ).
Kaolinite: Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 . A clay mineral.
K- mica: KAl 3 Si 3 O 10 (OH) 2 . An original constituent of igneous rocks.
Lanthanides: The 14 elements with similar properties formed by filling the 5 f- orbitals of
an atom (frequently called the rare earths and with atomic numbers 57–70).
Limestone: A shale- like or sandy sedimentary rock, chiefly composed of calcium carbonate, containing arable quantities of magnesium carbonate and quartz; chemical or
organic in origin.
Major Elements: The elements in seawater with concentrations of 0.05–750 mM.
Marble: A metamorphic rock. Primary components are calcite and dolomite (calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate).
Metamorphic Rocks: Rocks formed under conditions of intense heat, pressure, or both,
at considerable depths within the earth, from older rocks (gneiss, schist, quartz).
Mica- Schist: A metamorphic rock formed from sedimentary rocks, volcanic igneous
rocks, or other metamorphic rocks. Schist is a descriptive term only, and specific
schist rocks are named after the principal band producing minerals in the rock.
Middepth Maximum Type Profile: The high values in deep water may result from a
hydrothermal input from the midocean ridge system (e.g., Mn and 3 He).
Middepth Minimum Type Profile: The high surface concentrations result from an atmospheric or land input; the high deep- water values are caused by regeneration at or
near the bottom (e.g., Al).
Minor Elements: The elements in seawater with concentrations of 0.05–50 μM.
Montmorillonite: A clay mineral formed as an alteration product of aluminum silicates.
NTA (Nitrilotriacetic acid): An organic ligand that forms strong complexes with metal
ions.
Nutrient Type Profile: The depth profile of an element that is similar to that of a nutrient
(low in surface waters and an enrichment with depth). The element is removed
from the surface waters by biological activity and is regenerated at depth by oxidizing bacteria. Shallow- water regeneration like NO 3
– and PO 4
3– in the soft parts
and deep- water regeneration like SiO 2 in hard parts.
Ocean–Rock Partition Coefficient: The partitioning of that element between rocks and
seawater.
Passive Uptake: The uptake of an element by organisms due to adsorption onto surface
caused by chemical interactions with surface groups (carboxylic, phenolic).
Peridotite: An igneous- plutonic rock (high MgO and FeO/ Fe 2 O 3 content).
Phillipsite: A hydrous silicate of aluminum, iron, and magnesium.
Plutonic Rocks: The rocks formed directly from molten rock that cooled slowly at considerable depth beneath the earth’s surface, which allows the mineral crystals to
grow to visible size (granite, syenite, gabbro, peridotite).
Quartz: A common form of silica (SiO 2 ) resulting from the weathering of igneous rocks.
Glossary of Chemical Oceanography Terms
Halite: A rock salt (NaCl). One of the evaporites of the third stage of evaporation.
Heavy Metals: Metals that generally pose risk to living creatures in low concentrations by
concentrating in the digestive organs (Pb, Hg, Cd).
Hydrothermal Input: The input of elements (Mn, Si) from hydrothermal vents to the oceans.
Igneous Rocks: Rocks formed directly from molten lava that cooled quickly on or near the
earth’s surface.
Illite: K 2 Al 4 [Si 6 Al 2 O 20 ](OH) 4 . A group of clay minerals.
Irving–Williams Order: The order of complex stability of transition metals with organic
ligands (Mn 2+ < Fe 2+ < Co 2+ < Ni 2+ < Cu 2+ > Zn 2+ ).
Kaolinite: Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 . A clay mineral.
K- mica: KAl 3 Si 3 O 10 (OH) 2 . An original constituent of igneous rocks.
Lanthanides: The 14 elements with similar properties formed by filling the 5 f- orbitals of
an atom (frequently called the rare earths and with atomic numbers 57–70).
Limestone: A shale- like or sandy sedimentary rock, chiefly composed of calcium carbonate, containing arable quantities of magnesium carbonate and quartz; chemical or
organic in origin.
Major Elements: The elements in seawater with concentrations of 0.05–750 mM.
Marble: A metamorphic rock. Primary components are calcite and dolomite (calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate).
Metamorphic Rocks: Rocks formed under conditions of intense heat, pressure, or both,
at considerable depths within the earth, from older rocks (gneiss, schist, quartz).
Mica- Schist: A metamorphic rock formed from sedimentary rocks, volcanic igneous
rocks, or other metamorphic rocks. Schist is a descriptive term only, and specific
schist rocks are named after the principal band producing minerals in the rock.
Middepth Maximum Type Profile: The high values in deep water may result from a
hydrothermal input from the midocean ridge system (e.g., Mn and 3 He).
Middepth Minimum Type Profile: The high surface concentrations result from an atmospheric or land input; the high deep- water values are caused by regeneration at or
near the bottom (e.g., Al).
Minor Elements: The elements in seawater with concentrations of 0.05–50 μM.
Montmorillonite: A clay mineral formed as an alteration product of aluminum silicates.
NTA (Nitrilotriacetic acid): An organic ligand that forms strong complexes with metal
ions.
Nutrient Type Profile: The depth profile of an element that is similar to that of a nutrient
(low in surface waters and an enrichment with depth). The element is removed
from the surface waters by biological activity and is regenerated at depth by oxidizing bacteria. Shallow- water regeneration like NO 3
– and PO 4
3– in the soft parts
and deep- water regeneration like SiO 2 in hard parts.
Ocean–Rock Partition Coefficient: The partitioning of that element between rocks and
seawater.
Passive Uptake: The uptake of an element by organisms due to adsorption onto surface
caused by chemical interactions with surface groups (carboxylic, phenolic).
Peridotite: An igneous- plutonic rock (high MgO and FeO/ Fe 2 O 3 content).
Phillipsite: A hydrous silicate of aluminum, iron, and magnesium.
Plutonic Rocks: The rocks formed directly from molten rock that cooled slowly at considerable depth beneath the earth’s surface, which allows the mineral crystals to
grow to visible size (granite, syenite, gabbro, peridotite).
Quartz: A common form of silica (SiO 2 ) resulting from the weathering of igneous rocks.