421
Primary Production in the Oceans
to 29 carbon atoms, and are only slightly soluble in seawater. Sterols are divided into subgroups such as stanols (saturated steroid), stenols (monounsaturated sterols), and distenols
(diunsaturated steroids). Steranes (saturated aliphatic steroids) and stanones (ketonecontaining steroids) are also of interest to geochemists. Due to the stable steroid structure
and the numerous variations in the basic structure, they have been useful as biological
and geochemical markers. The marine biogeochemistry of steroids has been extensively
studied by scientists who have used the reduction of sterols to the saturated analogs, the
stanols (Wakeham et al., 1984; Lee and Wakeham, 1989). In the Black Sea, they found conversion of sterol to stanol in the anoxic waters. In the waters above the oxic–anoxic interface, a rapid metabolism of stenols and stanols was observed. These decompositions occur
much more rapidly than do the stenol- to- stanol reactions in the water column. Stanols and
stanones (intermediates in the stenol- to- stanol reaction) were isolated in sediments.
References and Further Reading
Primary Productivity
Altabet, M., and Deuser, W., Seasonal variations in natural abundance of 15N in particle sinking to
the deep Sargasso Sea, Nature, 315, 218–219 (1985).
Balch, W., Platt, T., and Sathyendranath, S., Comment on “The Remote Sensing of Ocean Primary
Productivity Use of a New Compilation to Test Satellite Algorithms,” J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,
583 (1993).
Bender, M., et al., A comparison of four methods for determining planktonic community production,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 32, 1085 (1987).
Bidigare, R.R., Prezelin, B.B., and Smith, R.C., Bio- optical models and the problems of scaling in
Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea, Falkowski, P.G. and Woodhead, A.D.,
Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 175–212 (1992).
Coale, K., and Bruland, K., Oceanic stratified euphotic zone as elucidated by 234 Th: 238 U disequilibria,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 32, 189 (1987).
Falkowski, P.G., and Woodhead, A.D. (Eds.) Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea,
Plenum Press, New York (1992).
Fogg, G.E., Primary productivity, Chapter 14, Chemical Oceanography, Vol. 2, 2nd ed., Riley, J.P., and
Skirrow, G., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 386–453 (1975).
Gordon, H., Brown, O., Evans, R., Brown, J., Smith, R., Baker, K., and Clark, D., A semi- analytic radiance model of ocean color, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10, 909 (1988).
Grande, K., et al., Primary production the North Pacific gyre: a comparison of rates determined by
14 C, O 2 concentration and 18 O methods, Deep- Sea Res., 36, 1621 (1989).
Jassby, A.D., and Platt, T., Mathematical formulation of the relationship between photosynthesis and
light for phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 21, 540 (1976).
Jenkins, W., Oxygen utilization rates in North Atlantic subtropical gyre and primary production in
oligotrophic systems, Nature, 300, 246 (1982).
Jenkins, W.J., 3 H and 3 He in the Beta Triangle: Observations of gyre ventilation and oxygen utilization
rates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 763–783 (1987).
Mahadeva, A. et al., Eddy-driven stratification initiates North Atlantic spring phytoplankton blooms,
Science, 337, 54–58 (2012).
Platt, T., Harrison, W., Lewis, M., Sathyendranath, S., Smithe, R., and Vecina, A., Biological production of the oceans: the case for a consensus, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 52, 77 (1990).
Primary Production in the Oceans
to 29 carbon atoms, and are only slightly soluble in seawater. Sterols are divided into subgroups such as stanols (saturated steroid), stenols (monounsaturated sterols), and distenols
(diunsaturated steroids). Steranes (saturated aliphatic steroids) and stanones (ketonecontaining steroids) are also of interest to geochemists. Due to the stable steroid structure
and the numerous variations in the basic structure, they have been useful as biological
and geochemical markers. The marine biogeochemistry of steroids has been extensively
studied by scientists who have used the reduction of sterols to the saturated analogs, the
stanols (Wakeham et al., 1984; Lee and Wakeham, 1989). In the Black Sea, they found conversion of sterol to stanol in the anoxic waters. In the waters above the oxic–anoxic interface, a rapid metabolism of stenols and stanols was observed. These decompositions occur
much more rapidly than do the stenol- to- stanol reactions in the water column. Stanols and
stanones (intermediates in the stenol- to- stanol reaction) were isolated in sediments.
References and Further Reading
Primary Productivity
Altabet, M., and Deuser, W., Seasonal variations in natural abundance of 15N in particle sinking to
the deep Sargasso Sea, Nature, 315, 218–219 (1985).
Balch, W., Platt, T., and Sathyendranath, S., Comment on “The Remote Sensing of Ocean Primary
Productivity Use of a New Compilation to Test Satellite Algorithms,” J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,
583 (1993).
Bender, M., et al., A comparison of four methods for determining planktonic community production,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 32, 1085 (1987).
Bidigare, R.R., Prezelin, B.B., and Smith, R.C., Bio- optical models and the problems of scaling in
Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea, Falkowski, P.G. and Woodhead, A.D.,
Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 175–212 (1992).
Coale, K., and Bruland, K., Oceanic stratified euphotic zone as elucidated by 234 Th: 238 U disequilibria,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 32, 189 (1987).
Falkowski, P.G., and Woodhead, A.D. (Eds.) Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea,
Plenum Press, New York (1992).
Fogg, G.E., Primary productivity, Chapter 14, Chemical Oceanography, Vol. 2, 2nd ed., Riley, J.P., and
Skirrow, G., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 386–453 (1975).
Gordon, H., Brown, O., Evans, R., Brown, J., Smith, R., Baker, K., and Clark, D., A semi- analytic radiance model of ocean color, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10, 909 (1988).
Grande, K., et al., Primary production the North Pacific gyre: a comparison of rates determined by
14 C, O 2 concentration and 18 O methods, Deep- Sea Res., 36, 1621 (1989).
Jassby, A.D., and Platt, T., Mathematical formulation of the relationship between photosynthesis and
light for phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 21, 540 (1976).
Jenkins, W., Oxygen utilization rates in North Atlantic subtropical gyre and primary production in
oligotrophic systems, Nature, 300, 246 (1982).
Jenkins, W.J., 3 H and 3 He in the Beta Triangle: Observations of gyre ventilation and oxygen utilization
rates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 763–783 (1987).
Mahadeva, A. et al., Eddy-driven stratification initiates North Atlantic spring phytoplankton blooms,
Science, 337, 54–58 (2012).
Platt, T., Harrison, W., Lewis, M., Sathyendranath, S., Smithe, R., and Vecina, A., Biological production of the oceans: the case for a consensus, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 52, 77 (1990).