325
The Carbonate System
Molluscs
Cyanobacteria
Seagrasses
Prokaryotes
Coccolithophores
Coralline red algae
Tropical corals
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Coccolithophores
2–5
2–5
2–5
2–5
2–5
2–5
2–5
2–5
2–5
>5
>5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Planktonic Foraminifera
Major group
Calcification
Physiological
Response
Response to increasing CO 2
a
b
c
d
Echinoderms
Reproduction
Nitrogen Fixation
Photosynthesis
Figure 7.68
Measured effects of ocean acidification on calcification, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and reproduction of
organisms. (From Doney, S.C., et al., Oceanography, 22, 16–25, 2009. With permission.)
2100
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2080
2060
2040
2020
2000
1980
1960
1940
1920
1900
0
Cold Water
Corals
Brittlestars
Larvae
Oysters
Coral Reefs
Pteropods
Sea Urchin
Embryos & Larvae
Future Shocks
Foraminifera
Coccolithophores
Gastropods
Mussels
Brittlestars
Sea Urchins
Figure 7.69
Future shocks on organisms over the next 100 years based on laboratory studies.
The Carbonate System
Molluscs
Cyanobacteria
Seagrasses
Prokaryotes
Coccolithophores
Coralline red algae
Tropical corals
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Coccolithophores
2–5
2–5
2–5
2–5
2–5
2–5
2–5
2–5
2–5
>5
>5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Planktonic Foraminifera
Major group
Calcification
Physiological
Response
Response to increasing CO 2
a
b
c
d
Echinoderms
Reproduction
Nitrogen Fixation
Photosynthesis
Figure 7.68
Measured effects of ocean acidification on calcification, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and reproduction of
organisms. (From Doney, S.C., et al., Oceanography, 22, 16–25, 2009. With permission.)
2100
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2080
2060
2040
2020
2000
1980
1960
1940
1920
1900
0
Cold Water
Corals
Brittlestars
Larvae
Oysters
Coral Reefs
Pteropods
Sea Urchin
Embryos & Larvae
Future Shocks
Foraminifera
Coccolithophores
Gastropods
Mussels
Brittlestars
Sea Urchins
Figure 7.69
Future shocks on organisms over the next 100 years based on laboratory studies.