307
The Carbonate System
7.7 Fossil Fuel CO 2 Input to the Oceans
The input of fossil fuels into the oceans has been estimated by a number of methods. A
summary of some of these estimates is given in Table 7.10:
1. Penetration of 13 C into the oceans (see Figure 7.4; Quay, Tilbrook, and Wong, 1992)
2. Penetration of CFCs into the oceans (McNeil et al., 2003)
3. Changes of pCO 2 in surface waters (Takahashi et al., 2002)
4. Correlations of O 2 /CO 2 in the atmosphere (Battle et al., 2000)
5. Modeling (Xu et al., 2000)
6. Using measurements of TCO 2 as a function of time (Wallace, 2001)
7. Using measurements of TCO 2 and correcting for the amount added as a result of
the oxidation of organic carbon and dissolution of CaCO 3 (Brewer, 1978; Chen and
Millero, 1979; Gruber et al., 1996)
60°
Aragonite Saturation Depth
Calcite Saturation Depth
40°
20°
0°
20°
40°
60°
Latitude
60°
40°
20°
0°
20°
40°
60°
Latitude
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
4500
3500
4000
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
30°E 60°E
120°E
90°E
150°E 180° 150°W 120°W 90°W 60°W 30W
0°
Figure 7.46
The saturation levels (Ω = 1.0) for aragonite and calcite in the oceans. (From Feely, R.A., Sabine, C.L., Lee, K.,
Berelson, W., Kleypas, J., Fabry, V.J., and Millero, F.J., Science, 305, 362, 2004. With permission.)