Whitworth, III, T., W. D. Nowlin Jr., R. D. Pillsbury,
M. I. Moore and R. F. Weiss, 1991: Observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the
Deep Boundary Current in the Southwest Atlantic
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Whitworth, III, T., W. D. Nowlin, Jr., A. H. Orsi,
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[4.3, 4.4, 5.2]
Wijffels, S., R. Schmitt, H. Bryden and A. Stigebrandt,
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J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 155–162. [4.7, 5.1, 6.2]
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Wijffels, S. E., N. A. Bray, S. Hautala, G. Meyers
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Project Office (unpublished document). [6.1]
Wijffels, S. E., M. E. Hall, T. Joyce, D. J. Torres,
P. Hacker and E. Firing, 1998: Multiple deep
gyres of the western North Pacific: A WOCE section along 149°E. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 12985–
13010. [3.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.8]
Wijffels, S. E., J. M. Toole and R. E. Davis, 2000:
Revisiting the South Pacific subtropical circulation: A synthesis of WOCE observations along
32°S. J. Geophys. Res. 105 (submitted). [3.2,
6.1, 6.2]
Wilheit, T. T., A. T . C. Chang and L. S. Chiu, 1991:
Retrieval of monthly rainfall indices from
microwave radiometric measurements using probability distribution functions. J. Atmos. Oceanic
Technol. 8, 118–136. [3.4]
Wilkin, J. and R. A. Morrow, 1994: Eddy kinetic
energy and momentum flux in the Southern
Ocean: Comparison of a global eddy-resolving
model with altimeter, drifter and current-meter
data. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 7903–7916. [3.3]
Wilkin, J. L., J. V. Mansbridge and J. S. Godfrey,
1995: Pacific Ocean heat transport at 24°N in a
high-resolution global model. J. Phys. Oceanogr.
25, 2204–2214. [6.1]
Willebrand, J., S. G . H. Philander and R. C.
Pacanowski, 1980: The oceanic response to largescale atmospheric disturbances. J. Phys. Oceanogr.
10, 411–429. [2.2, 3.3]
Willebrand, J., B. Barnier, C. W. Böning et al., 2001:
Circulation characteristics in three eddypermitting models of the North Atlantic. Prog.
Oceanogr. (in press). [2.2, 5.6, 7.2]
Williams, R. G., 1989: The influence of air–sea interaction on the ventilated thermocline. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 19, 1255–1267. [5.3, 5.4]
Williams, R. G., 1991: The role of the mixed layer
in setting the potential vorticity of the main
thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1803–1814.
[5.3]
Williams, R. G., M. A. Spall and J. C. Marshall,
1995: Does Stommel’s mixed layer demon work?
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 3089–3102. [5.3]
Wilson, C. D. and E. Firing, 1992: Sunrise swimmers
bias Doppler current profiles. Deep-Sea Res. 39,
885–892. [3.1]
REFERENCES
681
M. I. Moore and R. F. Weiss, 1991: Observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the
Deep Boundary Current in the Southwest Atlantic
Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 15105–15118. [4.5]
Whitworth, III, T., W. D. Nowlin, Jr., A. H. Orsi,
R. A. Locarnini and S. G. Smith, 1994: Weddell
Sea Shelf Water in the Bransfield Strait and
Weddell–Scotia Confluence. Deep-Sea Res. 41,
629–641. [4.6]
Whitworth, III, T., A. H. Orsi, S.-J. Kim, W. D.
Nowlin Jr. and R. A. Locarnini, 1998: Water
masses and mixing near the Antarctic Slope Front.
In: Ocean, Ice and Atmosphere: Interactions at
Antarctic Continental Margin, Vol. 75 of
Antarctic Research Series, S. S. Jacobs and R.
Weiss (eds), American Geophysical Union,
Washington, DC, pp. 1–27. [4.6]
Whitworth, III, T., B. Warren, W. Nowlin, Jr., S.
Rutz, R. Pillsbury and M. Moore, 1999: On the
deep western-boundary current in the Southwest Pacific Basin. Prog. Oceanogr. 43, 1–54.
[4.5, 4.6, 5.8]
WHPO (WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office),
1994a: WOCE Operations Manual, WHP
Operations and Methods, WHPO 91-1. WOCE
International Project Office, WOCE Report
No. 68/91, November 1994, rev. 1. (unpublished
manuscript). [3.1]
WHPO (WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office),
1994b: WOCE Operations Manual, Requirements
for WHP Data Reporting, WHPO 90-1. WOCE
International Project Office, WOCE Report
No. 67/91, May 1994, rev. 2, 142 pp. (unpublished manuscript). [3.1]
WHPO (WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office),
1998: WOCE Hydrographic Program Data, http://
whpo.ucsd.edu., Scripps Institution Oceanography,
San Diego, CA. [7.3]
Wijffels, S. E., 1993: Exchanges between hemispheres
and gyres: a direct approach to the mean circulation of the equatorial Pacific. Ph.D. Thesis, Publ.
WHOI-93-42, MIT-WHOI Joint Program, 294 pp.
[4.3, 4.4, 5.2]
Wijffels, S., R. Schmitt, H. Bryden and A. Stigebrandt,
1992: On the transport of freshwater by the oceans.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 155–162. [4.7, 5.1, 6.2]
Wijffels, S. E., E. Firing and H. Bryden, 1994: Direct
observations of the Ekman balance at 10°N in the
Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 1666–1679. [3.1,
4.1]
Wijffels, S. E., E. Firing and J. Toole, 1995: The
mean structure and variability of the Mindanao
Current at 8°N. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 18421–
18435. [4.3]
Wijffels, S. E., J. M. Toole, H. L. Bryden, R. A. Fine,
W. J. Jenkins and J. L. Bullister, 1996a: The water
masses and circulation at 10°N in the Pacific.
Deep-Sea Res. 43, 501–544. [5.2, 5.8, 6.1, 6.2]
Wijffels, S. E., N. A. Bray, S. Hautala, G. Meyers
and W. M. L. Morawitz, 1996b: The WOCE
Indonesian Throughflow repeat hydrography sections: I10 and IR6. International WOCE
Newsletter, No. 24, 25–28, WOCE International
Project Office (unpublished document). [6.1]
Wijffels, S. E., M. E. Hall, T. Joyce, D. J. Torres,
P. Hacker and E. Firing, 1998: Multiple deep
gyres of the western North Pacific: A WOCE section along 149°E. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 12985–
13010. [3.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.8]
Wijffels, S. E., J. M. Toole and R. E. Davis, 2000:
Revisiting the South Pacific subtropical circulation: A synthesis of WOCE observations along
32°S. J. Geophys. Res. 105 (submitted). [3.2,
6.1, 6.2]
Wilheit, T. T., A. T . C. Chang and L. S. Chiu, 1991:
Retrieval of monthly rainfall indices from
microwave radiometric measurements using probability distribution functions. J. Atmos. Oceanic
Technol. 8, 118–136. [3.4]
Wilkin, J. and R. A. Morrow, 1994: Eddy kinetic
energy and momentum flux in the Southern
Ocean: Comparison of a global eddy-resolving
model with altimeter, drifter and current-meter
data. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 7903–7916. [3.3]
Wilkin, J. L., J. V. Mansbridge and J. S. Godfrey,
1995: Pacific Ocean heat transport at 24°N in a
high-resolution global model. J. Phys. Oceanogr.
25, 2204–2214. [6.1]
Willebrand, J., S. G . H. Philander and R. C.
Pacanowski, 1980: The oceanic response to largescale atmospheric disturbances. J. Phys. Oceanogr.
10, 411–429. [2.2, 3.3]
Willebrand, J., B. Barnier, C. W. Böning et al., 2001:
Circulation characteristics in three eddypermitting models of the North Atlantic. Prog.
Oceanogr. (in press). [2.2, 5.6, 7.2]
Williams, R. G., 1989: The influence of air–sea interaction on the ventilated thermocline. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 19, 1255–1267. [5.3, 5.4]
Williams, R. G., 1991: The role of the mixed layer
in setting the potential vorticity of the main
thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1803–1814.
[5.3]
Williams, R. G., M. A. Spall and J. C. Marshall,
1995: Does Stommel’s mixed layer demon work?
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 3089–3102. [5.3]
Wilson, C. D. and E. Firing, 1992: Sunrise swimmers
bias Doppler current profiles. Deep-Sea Res. 39,
885–892. [3.1]
REFERENCES
681