Byrne RH, Kump LR, and Cantrell KJ (1988) The influence
of temperature and pH on trace metal speciation in
seawater. Marine Chemistry 25: 163--181.
Coale KH and Bruland KW (1990) Spatial and temporal
variability in copper complexation in the North Pacific.
Deep-Sea Research 37: 317--336.
Donat JR and Bruland KW (1990) A comparison of two
voltammetric techniques for determining zinc speciation
in Northeast Pacific Ocean waters. Marine Chemistry
28: 301--323.
Donat JR and Bruland KW (1995) Trace elements in the
oceans. In: Steinnes E and Salbu B (eds.) Trace Elements
in Natural Waters, pp. 247--281. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press.
Donat JR, Lao KA, and Bruland KW (1994) Speciation of
dissolved copper and nickel in South San Francisco Bay:
a multi-method approach. Analytica Chimica Acta 284:
547--571.
Donat JR, Statham PJ, and Bruland KW (1986) An
evaluation of a C-18 solid phase extraction technique
for isolating metal–organic complexes from central
North Pacific Ocean waters. Marine Chemistry 18:
85--99.
Hanson AKJ and Quinn JG (1983) The distribution of
organically complexed copper and nickel in the midAtlantic Bight. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences 20: 151--161.
Hering JG, Sunda WG, Ferguson RL, and Morel FMM
(1987) A field comparison of two methods for the
determination of copper complexation: bacterial
bioassay and fixed-potential amperometry. Marine
Chemistry 20: 299--312.
Li YH (1991) Distribution patterns of the elements in
the ocean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55:
3223--3240.
Millero FJ (1992) Stability constants for the formation of
rare earth inorganic complexes as a function of ionic
strength. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56:
3123--3132.
Mills GL and Quinn JG (1981) Isolation of dissolved
organic matter and copper–organic complexes from
estuarine waters using reverse-phase liquid chromatography. Marine Chemistry 10: 93--102.
Nozaki Y (1997) A fresh look at element distribution in the
North Pacific. Eos, Transactions of the AGU 78: 221.
Quinby-Hunt MS and Turekian KK (1983) Distribution of
elements in sea water. Eos, Transactions of the AGU 64:
130--131.
Rainbow PS and Furness RW (eds.) (1990) Heavy Metals
in the Marine Environment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press.
Sunda WG and Ferguson RL (1983) Sensitivity of natural
bacterial communities to additions of copper and to
cupric ion activity: a bioassay of copper complexation in
seawater. In: Trace Metals in Sea Water, NATO
Conference Series 4, Marine Science, Vol. 9, pp. 871–
890. New York: Plenum Press.
Turner DR, Whitfield M, and Dickson AG (1981) The
equilibrium speciation of dissolved components in
freshwater and seawater at 251C and 1 atm pressure.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45: 855--881.
van den Berg CMG (1982) Determination of copper
complexation with natural organic ligands in seawater
by equilibration with MnO 2 . II. Experimental
procedures and application to surface seawater. Marine
Chemistry 11: 323--342.
van den Berg CMG (1985) Determination of the zinc
complexing capacity in seawater by cathodic stripping
voltammetry of zinc–APDC complex ions. Marine
Chemistry 16: 121--130.
Waite TD and Morel FMM (1983) Characterization of
complexing agents in natural waters by copper(II)/
copper(I) amperometry. Analytical Chemistry 55:
1268--1274.
Wong CS, Boyle E, Bruland KW, Burton JD, and Goldberg
ED (eds.) (1983) Trace Metals in Seawater. New York:
Plenum Press.
Whitfield M and Turner DR (1987) The role of particles in
regulating the composition of seawater. In: Stumm W
(ed.) Aquatic Surface Chemistry, pp. 457--493. New
York: Wiley.
Zirino A, DeMarco DJ, VanderWeele DA, and Belli SL
(1998) Direct measurement of copper(II) (aq) in
seawater at pH 8 with the jalpaite ion-selective
electrode. Marine Chemistry 61: 173--184.
80 TRANSITION METALS AND HEAVY METAL SPECIATION
of temperature and pH on trace metal speciation in
seawater. Marine Chemistry 25: 163--181.
Coale KH and Bruland KW (1990) Spatial and temporal
variability in copper complexation in the North Pacific.
Deep-Sea Research 37: 317--336.
Donat JR and Bruland KW (1990) A comparison of two
voltammetric techniques for determining zinc speciation
in Northeast Pacific Ocean waters. Marine Chemistry
28: 301--323.
Donat JR and Bruland KW (1995) Trace elements in the
oceans. In: Steinnes E and Salbu B (eds.) Trace Elements
in Natural Waters, pp. 247--281. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press.
Donat JR, Lao KA, and Bruland KW (1994) Speciation of
dissolved copper and nickel in South San Francisco Bay:
a multi-method approach. Analytica Chimica Acta 284:
547--571.
Donat JR, Statham PJ, and Bruland KW (1986) An
evaluation of a C-18 solid phase extraction technique
for isolating metal–organic complexes from central
North Pacific Ocean waters. Marine Chemistry 18:
85--99.
Hanson AKJ and Quinn JG (1983) The distribution of
organically complexed copper and nickel in the midAtlantic Bight. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences 20: 151--161.
Hering JG, Sunda WG, Ferguson RL, and Morel FMM
(1987) A field comparison of two methods for the
determination of copper complexation: bacterial
bioassay and fixed-potential amperometry. Marine
Chemistry 20: 299--312.
Li YH (1991) Distribution patterns of the elements in
the ocean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55:
3223--3240.
Millero FJ (1992) Stability constants for the formation of
rare earth inorganic complexes as a function of ionic
strength. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56:
3123--3132.
Mills GL and Quinn JG (1981) Isolation of dissolved
organic matter and copper–organic complexes from
estuarine waters using reverse-phase liquid chromatography. Marine Chemistry 10: 93--102.
Nozaki Y (1997) A fresh look at element distribution in the
North Pacific. Eos, Transactions of the AGU 78: 221.
Quinby-Hunt MS and Turekian KK (1983) Distribution of
elements in sea water. Eos, Transactions of the AGU 64:
130--131.
Rainbow PS and Furness RW (eds.) (1990) Heavy Metals
in the Marine Environment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press.
Sunda WG and Ferguson RL (1983) Sensitivity of natural
bacterial communities to additions of copper and to
cupric ion activity: a bioassay of copper complexation in
seawater. In: Trace Metals in Sea Water, NATO
Conference Series 4, Marine Science, Vol. 9, pp. 871–
890. New York: Plenum Press.
Turner DR, Whitfield M, and Dickson AG (1981) The
equilibrium speciation of dissolved components in
freshwater and seawater at 251C and 1 atm pressure.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45: 855--881.
van den Berg CMG (1982) Determination of copper
complexation with natural organic ligands in seawater
by equilibration with MnO 2 . II. Experimental
procedures and application to surface seawater. Marine
Chemistry 11: 323--342.
van den Berg CMG (1985) Determination of the zinc
complexing capacity in seawater by cathodic stripping
voltammetry of zinc–APDC complex ions. Marine
Chemistry 16: 121--130.
Waite TD and Morel FMM (1983) Characterization of
complexing agents in natural waters by copper(II)/
copper(I) amperometry. Analytical Chemistry 55:
1268--1274.
Wong CS, Boyle E, Bruland KW, Burton JD, and Goldberg
ED (eds.) (1983) Trace Metals in Seawater. New York:
Plenum Press.
Whitfield M and Turner DR (1987) The role of particles in
regulating the composition of seawater. In: Stumm W
(ed.) Aquatic Surface Chemistry, pp. 457--493. New
York: Wiley.
Zirino A, DeMarco DJ, VanderWeele DA, and Belli SL
(1998) Direct measurement of copper(II) (aq) in
seawater at pH 8 with the jalpaite ion-selective
electrode. Marine Chemistry 61: 173--184.
80 TRANSITION METALS AND HEAVY METAL SPECIATION