particles. Environmental Science and Technology
41(13): 4698--4704.
Haugan H and Drange H (1992) Sequestration of CO 2 in
the deep ocean by shallow injection. Nature 357(28):
1065--1072.
IPCC (2005) Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture
and Storage. Prepared by Working Group III of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. http://
arch.rivm.nl/env/int/ipcc/pages_media/SRCCS-final/
IPCCSpecialReporton
CarbondioxideCaptureandStorage.htm (accessed Mar. 2008).
Ishimatsu A, Kikkawa T, Hayashi M, and Lee KS (2004)
Effects of CO 2 on marine fish: Larvae and adults.
Journal of Oceanography 60: 731--741.
Israelsson P and Adams E (2007) Evaluation of the Acute
Biological Impacts of Ocean Carbon Sequestration. Final
Report for US Dept. of Energy, under grant DE-FG2698FT40334. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
Kikkawa T, Ishimatsu A, and Kita J (2003) Acute CO 2
tolerance during the early developmental stages of four
marine teleosts. Environmental Toxicology 18(6):
375--382.
Ohsumi T (1995) CO 2 storage options in the deep-sea.
Marine Technology Society Journal 29(3): 58--66.
Orr JC (2004) Modeling of Ocean Storage of CO 2 – The
GOSAC Study, Report PH4/37, 96pp. Paris: Greenhouse
Gas R&D Programme, International Energy Agency.
Ozaki M, Minamiura J, Kitajima Y, Mizokami S, Takeuchi K,
and Hatakenka K (2001) CO 2 ocean sequestration by
moving ships. Journal of Marine Science and Technology
6: 51--58.
Po ¨ rtner HO, Reipschla ¨ger A, and Heisler N (2004)
Biological impact of elevated ocean CO 2 concentrations:
Lessons from animal physiology and Earth history.
Journal of Oceanography 60(4): 705--718.
Riestenberg D, Tsouris C, Brewer P, et al. (2005) Field
studies on the formation of sinking CO 2 particles for
ocean carbon sequestration: Effects of injector geometry
on particle density and dissolution rate and model
simulation of plume behavior. Environmental Science
and Technology 39: 7287--7293.
Sato T and Sato K (2002) Numerical prediction of the
dilution process and its biological impacts in CO 2 ocean
sequestration. Journal of Marine Science and Technology
6(4): 169--180.
Vetter EW and Smith CR (2005) Insights into the
ecological effects of deep-ocean CO 2 enrichment: The
impacts of natural CO 2 venting at Loihi seamount on
deep sea scavengers. Journal of Geophysical Research
110: C09S13 (doi:10.1029/2004JC002617).
Wannamaker E and Adams E (2006) Modeling descending
carbon dioxide injections in the ocean. Journal of
Hydraulic Research 44(3): 324--337.
Watanabe Y, Yamaguchi A, Ishida H, et al. (2006)
Lethality of increasing CO 2 levels on deep-sea copepods
in the western North Pacific. Journal of Oceanography
62: 185--196.
CARBON SEQUESTRATION VIA DIRECT INJECTION INTO THE OCEAN 321
41(13): 4698--4704.
Haugan H and Drange H (1992) Sequestration of CO 2 in
the deep ocean by shallow injection. Nature 357(28):
1065--1072.
IPCC (2005) Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture
and Storage. Prepared by Working Group III of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. http://
arch.rivm.nl/env/int/ipcc/pages_media/SRCCS-final/
IPCCSpecialReporton
CarbondioxideCaptureandStorage.htm (accessed Mar. 2008).
Ishimatsu A, Kikkawa T, Hayashi M, and Lee KS (2004)
Effects of CO 2 on marine fish: Larvae and adults.
Journal of Oceanography 60: 731--741.
Israelsson P and Adams E (2007) Evaluation of the Acute
Biological Impacts of Ocean Carbon Sequestration. Final
Report for US Dept. of Energy, under grant DE-FG2698FT40334. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
Kikkawa T, Ishimatsu A, and Kita J (2003) Acute CO 2
tolerance during the early developmental stages of four
marine teleosts. Environmental Toxicology 18(6):
375--382.
Ohsumi T (1995) CO 2 storage options in the deep-sea.
Marine Technology Society Journal 29(3): 58--66.
Orr JC (2004) Modeling of Ocean Storage of CO 2 – The
GOSAC Study, Report PH4/37, 96pp. Paris: Greenhouse
Gas R&D Programme, International Energy Agency.
Ozaki M, Minamiura J, Kitajima Y, Mizokami S, Takeuchi K,
and Hatakenka K (2001) CO 2 ocean sequestration by
moving ships. Journal of Marine Science and Technology
6: 51--58.
Po ¨ rtner HO, Reipschla ¨ger A, and Heisler N (2004)
Biological impact of elevated ocean CO 2 concentrations:
Lessons from animal physiology and Earth history.
Journal of Oceanography 60(4): 705--718.
Riestenberg D, Tsouris C, Brewer P, et al. (2005) Field
studies on the formation of sinking CO 2 particles for
ocean carbon sequestration: Effects of injector geometry
on particle density and dissolution rate and model
simulation of plume behavior. Environmental Science
and Technology 39: 7287--7293.
Sato T and Sato K (2002) Numerical prediction of the
dilution process and its biological impacts in CO 2 ocean
sequestration. Journal of Marine Science and Technology
6(4): 169--180.
Vetter EW and Smith CR (2005) Insights into the
ecological effects of deep-ocean CO 2 enrichment: The
impacts of natural CO 2 venting at Loihi seamount on
deep sea scavengers. Journal of Geophysical Research
110: C09S13 (doi:10.1029/2004JC002617).
Wannamaker E and Adams E (2006) Modeling descending
carbon dioxide injections in the ocean. Journal of
Hydraulic Research 44(3): 324--337.
Watanabe Y, Yamaguchi A, Ishida H, et al. (2006)
Lethality of increasing CO 2 levels on deep-sea copepods
in the western North Pacific. Journal of Oceanography
62: 185--196.
CARBON SEQUESTRATION VIA DIRECT INJECTION INTO THE OCEAN 321