cities show large enhancements in several trace
metals.
See also
Metal Pollution. Radioactive Wastes. Refractory
Metals. Transition Metals and Heavy Metal
Speciation.
Further Reading
Bruland KW and Franks RP (1983) Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn,
and Cd in the western North Atlantic. In: Wong
EBCS, Bruland KW, Burton JD, and Goldberg
ED (eds.) Trace Metals in Seawater, pp. 395--414.
New York: Plenum.
Byrd JT and Andreae MO (1982) Tin and methyltin species
in seawater; concentrations and fluxes. Science 218:
565--569.
Chow TJ, Bruland KW, Bertine K et al. (1973) Lead
pollution: records in Southern California coastal
sediments. Science 181: 551–552.
Fitzgerald WF, Engstrom DR, Mason RP, and Nater EA
(1997) The case for atmospheric mercury contamination
in remote areas. Environmental Science and Technology
32: 1--7.
Flegal AR and Patterson CC (1983) Vertical concentration
profiles of lead in the Central Pacific at 15N and 20S.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 64: 19--32.
Hamelin B, Grousset F, and Sholkovitz ER (1990)
Pb isotopes in surficial pelagic sediments from the
North Atlantic. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54:
37--47.
Hamelin B, Ferrand JL, Alleman L, and Nicolas E (1997)
Isotopic evidence of pollutant lead transport from
North America to the subtropical North Atlantic gyre.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61: 4423.
Harrison RM and Laxen DPH (1981) Lead Pollution
Causes and Control. London: Chapman and Hall.
Helmers E and van bulleted Loeff MMR (1993) Lead and
aluminum in Atlantic surface waters (501N to 501S)
reflecting anthropogenic and natural sources in the
eolian transport. Journal of Geophysical Research 98:
20261--20273.
Mason RP, Fitzgerald WF, and Morel FMM (1994) The
biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury: anthropogenic influences. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
58: 3191--3198.
Jenkins WJ (1980) Tritium and He-3 in the Sargasso Sea.
Journal of Marine Research 38: 533--569.
Measures CI and Edmond JM (1988) Aluminum as a tracer
of the deep outflow from the Mediterranean. Journal of
Geophysical Research 93: 591--595.
Measures CI and Edmond JM (1990) Aluminium in the
south Atlantic: steady state distribution of a short
residence time element. Journal of Geophysical
Research 95: 5331--5340.
Measures CI, Edmond JM, and Jickells T (1986)
Aluminum in the northwest Atlantic. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 50: 1423--1429.
Orians KJ and Bruland KW (1985) Dissolved aluminum in
the central North Pacific. Nature 316: 427--429.
Orians KJ and Bruland KW (1986) The biogeochemistry of
aluminum in the Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters 78: 397--410.
Murozumi M, Chow TJ, and Patterson C (1969) Chemical
concentrations of pollutant lead aerosols, terrestrial
dusts and sea salts in Greenland and Antarctic snow
strata. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 33:
1247--1294.
Nriagu JO (1989) A global assessment of natural sources
of atmospheric trace metals. Nature 338: 47--49.
Ravizza GE and Bothner MH (1996) Osmium isotopes and
silver as tracers of anthropogenic metals in sediments
from Massachusetts and Cape Cod bays. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 60: 2753--2763.
Schaule B and Patterson CC (1983) Perturbations of the
natural lead depth profile in the Sargasso Sea by
industrial lead. In: Wong CS, Boyle EA, Bruland KW,
Burton JD, and Goldberg ED (eds.) Trace Metals in
Seawater, pp. 487--504. New York: Plenum.
Schaule BK and Patterson CC (1981) Lead concentrations in
the northeast Pacific: evidence for global anthropogenic
perturbations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 54:
97--116.
Shen GT and Boyle EA (1987) Lead in corals: reconstruction
of historical industrial fluxes to the surface ocean. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters 82: 289--304.
Shen GT and Boyle EA (1988) Thermocline ventilation of
anthropogenic lead in the western North Atlantic.
Journal of Geophysical Research 93: 15715--15732.
Shen GT, Boyle EA, and Lea DW (1987) Cadmium in
corals as a tracer of historical upwelling and industrial
fallout. Nature 328: 794--796.
Sherrell RM, Boyle EA, and Hamelin B (1992) Isotopic
equilibration between dissolved and suspended
particulate lead in the Atlantic Ocean: evidence from
Pb-210 and stable Pb isotopes. Journal of Geophysical
Research 97: 11257--11268.
Slemr F and Langer E (1992) Increase in global atmospheric
concentrations of mercury inferred from measurements
over the Atlantic Ocean. Nature 355: 434--437.
Turekian KK, Benninger LK, and Dion EP (1983) Be-7 and
Pb-210 total deposition fluxes at New Haven,
Connecticut and at Bermuda. Journal of Geophysical
Research 88: 5411--5415.
van Geen A and Luoma SN (1999) A record of estuarine
water contamination from the Cd content of
foraminiferal tests in San Francisco Bay, California.
Marine Chemistry 64: 57.
van Geen A, Adkins JF, Boyle EA, Nelson CH, and
Palanques A (1997) A 120 year record of metal
contamination on an unprecedented scale from mining
of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Geology 25: 291--294.
Veron AJ, Church TM, Flegal AR, Patterson CC, and Erel
Y (1993) Response of lead cycling in the surface
ANTHROPOGENIC TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE OCEAN 279
metals.
See also
Metal Pollution. Radioactive Wastes. Refractory
Metals. Transition Metals and Heavy Metal
Speciation.
Further Reading
Bruland KW and Franks RP (1983) Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn,
and Cd in the western North Atlantic. In: Wong
EBCS, Bruland KW, Burton JD, and Goldberg
ED (eds.) Trace Metals in Seawater, pp. 395--414.
New York: Plenum.
Byrd JT and Andreae MO (1982) Tin and methyltin species
in seawater; concentrations and fluxes. Science 218:
565--569.
Chow TJ, Bruland KW, Bertine K et al. (1973) Lead
pollution: records in Southern California coastal
sediments. Science 181: 551–552.
Fitzgerald WF, Engstrom DR, Mason RP, and Nater EA
(1997) The case for atmospheric mercury contamination
in remote areas. Environmental Science and Technology
32: 1--7.
Flegal AR and Patterson CC (1983) Vertical concentration
profiles of lead in the Central Pacific at 15N and 20S.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 64: 19--32.
Hamelin B, Grousset F, and Sholkovitz ER (1990)
Pb isotopes in surficial pelagic sediments from the
North Atlantic. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54:
37--47.
Hamelin B, Ferrand JL, Alleman L, and Nicolas E (1997)
Isotopic evidence of pollutant lead transport from
North America to the subtropical North Atlantic gyre.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61: 4423.
Harrison RM and Laxen DPH (1981) Lead Pollution
Causes and Control. London: Chapman and Hall.
Helmers E and van bulleted Loeff MMR (1993) Lead and
aluminum in Atlantic surface waters (501N to 501S)
reflecting anthropogenic and natural sources in the
eolian transport. Journal of Geophysical Research 98:
20261--20273.
Mason RP, Fitzgerald WF, and Morel FMM (1994) The
biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury: anthropogenic influences. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
58: 3191--3198.
Jenkins WJ (1980) Tritium and He-3 in the Sargasso Sea.
Journal of Marine Research 38: 533--569.
Measures CI and Edmond JM (1988) Aluminum as a tracer
of the deep outflow from the Mediterranean. Journal of
Geophysical Research 93: 591--595.
Measures CI and Edmond JM (1990) Aluminium in the
south Atlantic: steady state distribution of a short
residence time element. Journal of Geophysical
Research 95: 5331--5340.
Measures CI, Edmond JM, and Jickells T (1986)
Aluminum in the northwest Atlantic. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 50: 1423--1429.
Orians KJ and Bruland KW (1985) Dissolved aluminum in
the central North Pacific. Nature 316: 427--429.
Orians KJ and Bruland KW (1986) The biogeochemistry of
aluminum in the Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters 78: 397--410.
Murozumi M, Chow TJ, and Patterson C (1969) Chemical
concentrations of pollutant lead aerosols, terrestrial
dusts and sea salts in Greenland and Antarctic snow
strata. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 33:
1247--1294.
Nriagu JO (1989) A global assessment of natural sources
of atmospheric trace metals. Nature 338: 47--49.
Ravizza GE and Bothner MH (1996) Osmium isotopes and
silver as tracers of anthropogenic metals in sediments
from Massachusetts and Cape Cod bays. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 60: 2753--2763.
Schaule B and Patterson CC (1983) Perturbations of the
natural lead depth profile in the Sargasso Sea by
industrial lead. In: Wong CS, Boyle EA, Bruland KW,
Burton JD, and Goldberg ED (eds.) Trace Metals in
Seawater, pp. 487--504. New York: Plenum.
Schaule BK and Patterson CC (1981) Lead concentrations in
the northeast Pacific: evidence for global anthropogenic
perturbations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 54:
97--116.
Shen GT and Boyle EA (1987) Lead in corals: reconstruction
of historical industrial fluxes to the surface ocean. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters 82: 289--304.
Shen GT and Boyle EA (1988) Thermocline ventilation of
anthropogenic lead in the western North Atlantic.
Journal of Geophysical Research 93: 15715--15732.
Shen GT, Boyle EA, and Lea DW (1987) Cadmium in
corals as a tracer of historical upwelling and industrial
fallout. Nature 328: 794--796.
Sherrell RM, Boyle EA, and Hamelin B (1992) Isotopic
equilibration between dissolved and suspended
particulate lead in the Atlantic Ocean: evidence from
Pb-210 and stable Pb isotopes. Journal of Geophysical
Research 97: 11257--11268.
Slemr F and Langer E (1992) Increase in global atmospheric
concentrations of mercury inferred from measurements
over the Atlantic Ocean. Nature 355: 434--437.
Turekian KK, Benninger LK, and Dion EP (1983) Be-7 and
Pb-210 total deposition fluxes at New Haven,
Connecticut and at Bermuda. Journal of Geophysical
Research 88: 5411--5415.
van Geen A and Luoma SN (1999) A record of estuarine
water contamination from the Cd content of
foraminiferal tests in San Francisco Bay, California.
Marine Chemistry 64: 57.
van Geen A, Adkins JF, Boyle EA, Nelson CH, and
Palanques A (1997) A 120 year record of metal
contamination on an unprecedented scale from mining
of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Geology 25: 291--294.
Veron AJ, Church TM, Flegal AR, Patterson CC, and Erel
Y (1993) Response of lead cycling in the surface
ANTHROPOGENIC TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE OCEAN 279