6. SOUND PRODUCTION AND DETECTION
189
defense, and prespawning behavior) is by way of temporal coding. This
type of coding would be characteristic of the signal level of communication.
The presence of echolocation abilities among fishes have yet to be
demonstrated. Griffin (1955) described a single instance in which a
deep-sea species (no identified) was recorded and echoes of its cries
could be detected bouncing back from the ocean floor. On this basis,
Griffin proposed that fishes could conveivably utilize echoes of their
own sounds for orientation. These observations, however, are in need of
confirmation.
V. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE
The study of underwater bioacoustics is an interdisciplinary field and
has captured the interests of physicists, acousticians, engineers, psychologists, physiologists, and scientists in many other specialities. As noted
earlier, it is also a rapidly expanding field and as a by-product of the
expansion, numerous new areas of research are unfolding. Some of these
are basic and some applied, and it was pointed out by Galler (1967) that
this field has served as a good example of the interaction between basic
and applied research.
Ever since the development of ASDIC and Sonar, the effectiveness of
echo-ranging equipment in detecting marine life has shown a steady increase. Although not directly related to sound production and detection
by fishes, the utilization of these techniques for detection of fishes has
moved to increasing degrees of precision (Hester, 1967; Cushing, 1967;
Weston, 1967) and deserves mention here. Sonar has already proved its
value in assisting the commercial fisherman, and it promises to be an
excellent tool for the study of fish locomotion and the behavior of fish
schools.
The utilization of sound to guide fish has only recently been applied
commercially. The bibliography compiled by Moulton and Backus ( 1955)
showed that these techniques for guiding or attracting fishes have been
utilized by fishermen in many parts of the world. Some of the techniques
are primitive and of ancient origin (Busnel, 1959; Wolff, 1966). Recent
attempts have been made, using modern electronic equipment, to attract
fishes by playback of their feeding sounds, and some success in this area
has been reported ( Hashimoto and Maniwa, 1967). Prelirninary studies
on guiding migrating salmon by means of acoustic stimuli have also shown
promise for the future (Vanderwalker, 1967). The recent observations
189
defense, and prespawning behavior) is by way of temporal coding. This
type of coding would be characteristic of the signal level of communication.
The presence of echolocation abilities among fishes have yet to be
demonstrated. Griffin (1955) described a single instance in which a
deep-sea species (no identified) was recorded and echoes of its cries
could be detected bouncing back from the ocean floor. On this basis,
Griffin proposed that fishes could conveivably utilize echoes of their
own sounds for orientation. These observations, however, are in need of
confirmation.
V. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE
The study of underwater bioacoustics is an interdisciplinary field and
has captured the interests of physicists, acousticians, engineers, psychologists, physiologists, and scientists in many other specialities. As noted
earlier, it is also a rapidly expanding field and as a by-product of the
expansion, numerous new areas of research are unfolding. Some of these
are basic and some applied, and it was pointed out by Galler (1967) that
this field has served as a good example of the interaction between basic
and applied research.
Ever since the development of ASDIC and Sonar, the effectiveness of
echo-ranging equipment in detecting marine life has shown a steady increase. Although not directly related to sound production and detection
by fishes, the utilization of these techniques for detection of fishes has
moved to increasing degrees of precision (Hester, 1967; Cushing, 1967;
Weston, 1967) and deserves mention here. Sonar has already proved its
value in assisting the commercial fisherman, and it promises to be an
excellent tool for the study of fish locomotion and the behavior of fish
schools.
The utilization of sound to guide fish has only recently been applied
commercially. The bibliography compiled by Moulton and Backus ( 1955)
showed that these techniques for guiding or attracting fishes have been
utilized by fishermen in many parts of the world. Some of the techniques
are primitive and of ancient origin (Busnel, 1959; Wolff, 1966). Recent
attempts have been made, using modern electronic equipment, to attract
fishes by playback of their feeding sounds, and some success in this area
has been reported ( Hashimoto and Maniwa, 1967). Prelirninary studies
on guiding migrating salmon by means of acoustic stimuli have also shown
promise for the future (Vanderwalker, 1967). The recent observations