1
VISION: VISUAL PIGMENTS
F . W. M U N Z
I. The Eye as an Optical System
. . . . . .
A. Structure of the Eye
. . . . . . .
B. Image Formation and Accommodation . . . .
C. Light and Dark Adaptation . . . . . .
D. Specializations for Deep-sea Life . . . . .
11. Visual Pigments
. . . . . . . . .
A. Photochemistry . . . . . . . . .
B. Methods of Study . . . . . . . .
C. A Choice of Retinenes: Rhodopsin and Porphyropsin
D. A Multiplicity of Opsins
. . . . . .
E. Pigments of Color Vision
. . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
1
. .
1
. .
5
. .
8
. . 12
. .
14
. . 14
. .
15
. .
19
. . 23
. . 25
. . 27
I. THE EYE AS AN OPTICAL SYSTEM
The fascinating and detailed study by Walls (1942) remains a primary
source of information on functional anatomy of the eye, but the less well
known works of Rochon-Duvigneaud (1943, 1958) should also be consulted. Valuable reviews of the structure and function of fish eyes have
been prepared by Brett (1957) and Nicol (1963). A treatment by Prince
(1956) contains considerable information on fishes, but its usefulness is
reduced by incomplete documentation. The present brief account is intended to give necessary background, together with the results of recent
research; wherever specific reference is omitted, please refer to Walls
(1942).
A. Structure of the Eye
The eyes of fishes are constructed along the general vertebrate plan
(Fig, 1 ) , They are more or less flattened and have the normal complement
1
VISION: VISUAL PIGMENTS
F . W. M U N Z
I. The Eye as an Optical System
. . . . . .
A. Structure of the Eye
. . . . . . .
B. Image Formation and Accommodation . . . .
C. Light and Dark Adaptation . . . . . .
D. Specializations for Deep-sea Life . . . . .
11. Visual Pigments
. . . . . . . . .
A. Photochemistry . . . . . . . . .
B. Methods of Study . . . . . . . .
C. A Choice of Retinenes: Rhodopsin and Porphyropsin
D. A Multiplicity of Opsins
. . . . . .
E. Pigments of Color Vision
. . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
1
. .
1
. .
5
. .
8
. . 12
. .
14
. . 14
. .
15
. .
19
. . 23
. . 25
. . 27
I. THE EYE AS AN OPTICAL SYSTEM
The fascinating and detailed study by Walls (1942) remains a primary
source of information on functional anatomy of the eye, but the less well
known works of Rochon-Duvigneaud (1943, 1958) should also be consulted. Valuable reviews of the structure and function of fish eyes have
been prepared by Brett (1957) and Nicol (1963). A treatment by Prince
(1956) contains considerable information on fishes, but its usefulness is
reduced by incomplete documentation. The present brief account is intended to give necessary background, together with the results of recent
research; wherever specific reference is omitted, please refer to Walls
(1942).
A. Structure of the Eye
The eyes of fishes are constructed along the general vertebrate plan
(Fig, 1 ) , They are more or less flattened and have the normal complement
1