SOUND PRODUCTION AND DETECTION
WILLlAM N . TAVOLGA
I. Introduction . . . . . .
11. Sound Production . .
. . .
A. Historical Background . . .
B. Underwater Acoustics
. . .
C. Sonic Mechanisms in Fishes .
.
D. Characteristics of Fish Sounds .
111. Sound Detection . . . . .
A. Historical Background . . .
B. Mechanisms of Sound Detection .
C. Hearing Capacities . . . .
D. Evolution of Hearing . .
.
IV. Acoustic Communication in Fish
.
V. Problems and Prospects for the Future
References . . . . . . .
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I. INTRODUCTION
The field of aquatic bioacoustics has grown rapidly in many directions,
involving many allied areas of research. Major recent reviews of the
subject include those by Moulton (1963), Protasov (1965), and Tavolga
( 1965). Three international symposia on aquatic bioacoustics have been
held and their proceedings published (Cahn, 1!367; Tavolga, 1964a,
1967a).
Sound is probably the most effective channel for long-range communication under water, and it has become clear over the past 20 years
that many fishes utilize this channel. The mechanisms of sound production
and the sounds themselves have formed an active area of research, aided
by recent technical developments in underwater acoustics. Although
sound production may be restricted to some as yet unknown fraction of
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