5. THE ENWCRINE PANCREAS
307
this substance in the B and probably D cells of Cottus scorpius; repeated
doses destroy the islet region where these cell types are located. Other
islet cytotoxins are without a specific effect.
(12) Exogenous insulin ( a ) is often hypoglycemic (this response
appears usually much later than in mammals), ( b ) has a varying effect
on liver glycogen, ( c ) sometimes increases muscle glycogen, and ( d ) alleviates hepatic steatosis.
(13) The action spectra of fish insulins differ from those in mammals.
(14) The physiological roles of the islet hormones in fishes await
further studies by ( a ) the use of species specific hormones and ( b ) the
measurement of endogenous hormones under varying conditions.
REFERENCES
Abramowitz, A. A., Hisaw, F.L., Boettiger, E., and Papandrea, D. N. (1940). The
origin of the diabetogenic hormone in the dogfish. Bfol. Bull 78, 189-201.
Algauhari, A. E. I. ( 1958). On the blood sugar in CZurim Iazeru. 2. Vergleich. Physiol.
41,26-34.
Ammon, J., Melani, F., and Groschel-Stewart, U. (1967). Nachweis von immunologisch hemmbarer Insulinaktivittit bei Schnecken (Helix pomatia L). In “Die
Pathogenese des Diabetes mellitus. Die endokrine Regulation des Fettstohechsels” (E. Klein, ed. ), pp. 96-98. Springer, Berlin.
Audy, G., and Kerly, M. (1952). The content of glycogenolytic factor in pancreas
from different species. Biochem. J. 52, 77-78.
Bargmann, W. ( 1939). Die Langerhans’schen Inseln. In “Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen” ( W. von Mollendod, ed.), Vol. 6, pp. 17%
288. Springer, Berlin.
Baron, H. ( 1934). Insel- und Zymogengewebe in ihren gegenseitigen Beziehungen bei
Gasterosteus aculeatus und einigen anderen Teleostiern. 2. Wiss. Zool. 146, 1 4 .
Barrington, E. J. W. (1942). Blood sugar and the follicles of Langerhans in the
ammocoete larva. J. Ezptl. B i d . 19, 45-55.
Barrington, E. J. W. (1945). The supposed pancreatic organs of Petromyzon fluviatilis
and Myxine glutinosa. Quart. 1. Microscop. Sci. 85,391417.
Bauer, G. E., and Lazarow, A. (1961). Studies on the isolated islet tissue of fish. IV.
In uitro incorporation of C4- and Ha-labeUed amino acids into goosefish islet tissue
proteins. Biol. Bull. 121, 42-37.
Bauer, G. E., Lindall, A. W., and Lazarow, A. (1965). The biosynthesis of C“- and
H’-labelled insulin. Advan. Tracer Methodol. 2,7341.
Bauer, G. E., Lindall, A. W., Dixit, P. K., Lester, G., and Lazarow, A. ( 1968). Studies
on insulin biosynthesis. J. Cell Biol. 28, 413-421.
Bencosme, S., Meyer, J., Bergman, B. J., and Martines-Palomo, A. (1965). The
principal islet of the bullhead fish (Ictalurus nebulosus). Rm. Can. Bid. 24,
Bensley, R. R. ( 1911). Studies on the pancreas of the guinea pig. Am. J. h a t . 12,
297-388.
Bentley, P. J., and Follett, B. K. (1965). The effects of hormones on the carbohydrate
metabolism of the lamprey, Lampetra ffuviatilis. I . Endocrinol. 31, 127-137.
Bern, H. A., and Nandi, J. (1964). Endocrinology of poikilothermic vertebrates. In
141-154.
307
this substance in the B and probably D cells of Cottus scorpius; repeated
doses destroy the islet region where these cell types are located. Other
islet cytotoxins are without a specific effect.
(12) Exogenous insulin ( a ) is often hypoglycemic (this response
appears usually much later than in mammals), ( b ) has a varying effect
on liver glycogen, ( c ) sometimes increases muscle glycogen, and ( d ) alleviates hepatic steatosis.
(13) The action spectra of fish insulins differ from those in mammals.
(14) The physiological roles of the islet hormones in fishes await
further studies by ( a ) the use of species specific hormones and ( b ) the
measurement of endogenous hormones under varying conditions.
REFERENCES
Abramowitz, A. A., Hisaw, F.L., Boettiger, E., and Papandrea, D. N. (1940). The
origin of the diabetogenic hormone in the dogfish. Bfol. Bull 78, 189-201.
Algauhari, A. E. I. ( 1958). On the blood sugar in CZurim Iazeru. 2. Vergleich. Physiol.
41,26-34.
Ammon, J., Melani, F., and Groschel-Stewart, U. (1967). Nachweis von immunologisch hemmbarer Insulinaktivittit bei Schnecken (Helix pomatia L). In “Die
Pathogenese des Diabetes mellitus. Die endokrine Regulation des Fettstohechsels” (E. Klein, ed. ), pp. 96-98. Springer, Berlin.
Audy, G., and Kerly, M. (1952). The content of glycogenolytic factor in pancreas
from different species. Biochem. J. 52, 77-78.
Bargmann, W. ( 1939). Die Langerhans’schen Inseln. In “Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen” ( W. von Mollendod, ed.), Vol. 6, pp. 17%
288. Springer, Berlin.
Baron, H. ( 1934). Insel- und Zymogengewebe in ihren gegenseitigen Beziehungen bei
Gasterosteus aculeatus und einigen anderen Teleostiern. 2. Wiss. Zool. 146, 1 4 .
Barrington, E. J. W. (1942). Blood sugar and the follicles of Langerhans in the
ammocoete larva. J. Ezptl. B i d . 19, 45-55.
Barrington, E. J. W. (1945). The supposed pancreatic organs of Petromyzon fluviatilis
and Myxine glutinosa. Quart. 1. Microscop. Sci. 85,391417.
Bauer, G. E., and Lazarow, A. (1961). Studies on the isolated islet tissue of fish. IV.
In uitro incorporation of C4- and Ha-labeUed amino acids into goosefish islet tissue
proteins. Biol. Bull. 121, 42-37.
Bauer, G. E., Lindall, A. W., and Lazarow, A. (1965). The biosynthesis of C“- and
H’-labelled insulin. Advan. Tracer Methodol. 2,7341.
Bauer, G. E., Lindall, A. W., Dixit, P. K., Lester, G., and Lazarow, A. ( 1968). Studies
on insulin biosynthesis. J. Cell Biol. 28, 413-421.
Bencosme, S., Meyer, J., Bergman, B. J., and Martines-Palomo, A. (1965). The
principal islet of the bullhead fish (Ictalurus nebulosus). Rm. Can. Bid. 24,
Bensley, R. R. ( 1911). Studies on the pancreas of the guinea pig. Am. J. h a t . 12,
297-388.
Bentley, P. J., and Follett, B. K. (1965). The effects of hormones on the carbohydrate
metabolism of the lamprey, Lampetra ffuviatilis. I . Endocrinol. 31, 127-137.
Bern, H. A., and Nandi, J. (1964). Endocrinology of poikilothermic vertebrates. In
141-154.